October 21, 1921] 



SCIENCE 



379 



used. It is not perceived that a class has 

 arisen which fits into neither, but is equally 

 important, and, indeed, less easily replaced 

 than either. 



It is overlooked because it has not asserted 

 itself. Now that this society has given a 

 lead by settling its policy and position, the 

 movement may be accelerated. It has de- 

 cided not to join either employers or trade 

 unions, but to occupy an independent and 

 intermediate position, and, while protecting 

 its own interests, to cooperate with both in 

 promoting the advancement of British en- 

 gineering industries. This decision is tof 

 great interest from several points of view. It 

 will not please employers or trade unions, but 

 we believe that it is sound and to the public 

 advantage. An independent organization, 

 powerful from the indispensable part in in- 

 dustry played by its members, and standing 

 between employers and workmen, in intimate 

 touch with both, may come to possess a deci- 

 sive influence in holding the balance between 

 them. The engineers, in particular, have a 

 unique position which differentiates them 

 from the clerical blackeoats, who do not come 

 in contact with the manual workers. At the 

 Engineering Conference held last July Mr. 

 John Brodie, President of the Institution of 

 Civil Engineers, referred to this in connection 

 with industrial disputes, and suggested that 

 the engineers, as a technical body, were pecu- 

 liarly fitted by their knowledge of workmen 

 and impartial standpoint for the investiga- 

 tion and judicial treatment of differences. 

 This is a promising line of development. — 

 The London Times. 



SCIENTIFIC BOOKS 



History and Bibliography of Anatomic Illus- 

 tration in its Relation to Anatomic Science 

 and the Graphic Arts. By Ludwiq Chou- 

 LANT. Translated and edited, with notes and 

 a biography, by Mortimer Frank, B.S., M.D. 

 With a biographical sketch of the translator 

 and two additional sections by Fielding H. 

 Garrison, M.D., and Edward C. Streeter, 

 M.D. The University of Chicago Press, Chi- 

 cago, Illinois, xxvii, 435 pages. 



In 1852 Dr. Ludwig Choulant published his 

 indispensable history of anatomical illustra- 

 tion. Although neither an anatomist nor artist, 

 being a professor of medicine addicted to 

 bibliography, he made both anatomy and art his 

 debtor, even at the cost of some impairment of 

 character. For, adoring the antique, he became 

 the outspoken opponent of new doctrines in 

 medicine, ridiculing the sound methods of 

 physical examination, and was, in the words of 

 his biographer, " the foe of progress." Although 

 like all before him he deprecated book-wisdom 

 and authority-worship in others, yet his own 

 career shows the danger of these siren studies 

 — of regarding, for example, the thirteenth the 

 greatest of centuries, or of unwisely inquiring, 

 " What is the cause that the former days were 

 better than these ? " However, Dr. Choulant 

 does not extol the past in his impassionate his- 

 torical record, and it is quite possible that his 

 biographers, from whom we have quoted, have 

 dealt with him unkindly. 



In the preface he sets the limits of his work. 

 It is not intended to be a history of anatomy, 

 or of anatomists, or even of anatomical dis- 

 covery, but merely of anatomical illustration, 

 following two lines — that of scientific anatomy 

 and that of artistic anatomy. The study is 

 further restricted to the anatomy of man in its 

 most obvious features. Many of the illustra- 

 tions are of the human skeleton, and most of 

 the others show the superficial muscles or 

 general disposition of the viscera, so that 

 the frontier of anatomy alone is entered. 

 From Choulant's viewpoint, perhaps. Dr. Gar- 

 rison writes that " anatomical illustration was 

 neglected through the growth of histology, 

 morphology, and embryology." 



The author proceeds, in a historical intro- 

 duction, to define three stages and seven periods 

 of anatomical drawing. Although this chapter 

 contains much interesting exposition, the pro- 

 posed stages and periods are chiefly of academic 

 interest. It is followed by a very brief account 

 of ancient and mediffival illustrations, with a 

 superb chromo-lithographic reproduction of 

 miniatures from a manuscript of Galen's Opera 

 varia. After this the anatomist-artists and 

 artist-anatomists together are presented chrono- 



