July 13, 1917] 



SCIENCE 



39 



south of Franklin from which streams were 

 flowing both north and south. But this col 

 was rapidly reduced by the glacial torrents 

 and thus the present channel was formed. 

 It was during this period that those remark- 

 able deposits in the Conewango and the Alle- 

 gheny about Warren were formed. At the 

 bottom there is an immense deposit of fine 

 sediment in horizontal lamina3 giving place 

 towards the surface, which rises 300 feet or 

 more from the rock bottom, to coarser de- 

 posits indicating a southward flow of water. 



One of the most interesting discoveries at 

 this point is a nugget of Lake Superior Cop- 

 per embedded in undisturbed deposits of 

 glacial origin, dropped as Dr. Williams 

 believes by icebergs floating in this temporary 

 lake. JSTuggets of copper which Dr. Williams 

 is pretty confident are from the Lake Supe- 

 rior region are also found in glacial deposits 

 of eastern Pennsylvania, brought thither as 

 he believes by icebergs, which in an earlier 

 period passed through the Mohawk Valley 

 before it was completely obstructed by the 

 Champlain-Hudson lobe of ice. 



Dr. Williams names his brochure " Penn- 

 sylvania Glaciation; First Phase," and gives 

 ample reasons for believing that in the East, 

 at any rate, there is not that immense sep- 

 aration between the earliest and latest 

 phases which geologists in the Mississippi 

 Valley have been accustomed to assume as 

 separating the Kansan from the Wisconsin 

 stages. In Pennsylvania it is certain that 

 such a wide separation can not be main- 

 tained; for, though it is true that the glacial 

 deposits over the attenuated border are in 

 general more highly oxidized than those in 

 and north of the moraine, they are not all 

 higJily oxidized. Mingled with the highly 

 oxidized material of this area there is a small 

 proportion of comparatively fresh material, 

 and it is that which must determine the age. 

 It is evident that the most of the material on 

 the attenuated border was oxidized in pre- 

 glacial times and was brought forward in 

 that condition by the ice movement. For ex- 

 ample, numerous pebbles are found which are 

 oxidized on the outside, while there is a core 



on the inside that is unoxidized, while in 

 some instances such pebbles have been ground 

 off on one side by the glacial movement, ex- 

 posing this unoxidized core and leaving the 

 thick covering of oxidization on the other 

 side. 



Certainly the scientific public is greatly 

 indebted to Dr. Williams for the pains which 

 he has taken: first, to collect the facts which 

 are found in this brochure, and second for 

 bringing them before the public in such fuU 

 measure, at his own expense. 'No glacialist 

 can afford to remain ignorant of the facts 

 and discussion of principles contained in it. 

 The reader will lack only a detailed map of 

 the state of Pennsylvania, which he needs to 

 have constantly before him. The small relief 

 map accompanying the publication is good so 

 far as it goes, but needs to be supplemented 

 for reference by one that gives minute details 

 of topography and geology. 



G. Frederick Wright 



Oberlin, 



May 22, 1917 



QUOTATIONS 



THE WAR AND SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION 



The commendable patriotic ambition of 

 every rightminded American to render his best 

 help in the time of his country's need has 

 raised questions of choice for many citizens. 

 The spirit of service is rife throughout the 

 country, and one's first impulse frequently 

 urges him to enter those avenues of activity 

 that lead nearest to the combat. A sane, calm 

 review of the situation indicates, however, 

 that there are many fields which require pro- 

 found attention, even though they often seem, 

 quite remote from the trenches. The chemist 

 in the munitions works, the bacteriologist who 

 is testing the efficiency of the latest anti- 

 septics, the agriculturist who is striving to 

 solve the immediate difficulties of farm prac- 

 tise or aiding in the " speeding up " of the 

 production of staple crops, live stock and other 

 food products — all of these workers are an 

 indispensable part of the great hvunan organi- 

 zation that must cooperate to lead the way 

 to victory. Frequently many workers, par- 



