524 



SCIENCE 



[N. S. Vol. XLVI. No. 1196 



graphic departments, dealing with photo- 

 graphic chemistry, with portraiture, color 

 photography, photo-engraving, motion pic- 

 ture work and X-ray work, and all these 

 departments are converged together first 

 upon the theory, and then upon the prac- 

 tise, of photography. 



cific problem, his own equipment and appa- 

 ratus. Thus, A and B use sensitometrie 

 apparatus chiefly; C, both sensitometrie 

 apparatus and the thermostatic and elec- 

 trical equipment of physical chemistry; D, 

 microscopic apparatus and chemical appa- 

 ratus dealing with the precipitation of 



CHEMIITRY 



Each research specialist in the labora- 

 tory is given work corresponding to a lim- 

 ited field of science, so that while his special 

 attention is devoted to that one depart- 

 ment his field of activity just overlaps that 

 of the departments on each side of him, 

 while his general knowledge of the subject 

 should, of course, cover a much wider 

 range. It is important that each man 

 should have his own special field of work 

 and that overlapping should not be com- 

 plete since such complete overlapping will 

 inevitably produce friction destructive of 

 cooperation and harmony. The way in 

 which such a subdivision is arranged may 

 perhaps be best illustrated by Fig. 3, which 

 ghows the range of the specific investiga- 

 tions of those who in our laboratory cover 

 the range of research work between sensi- 

 tometry and pure physical chemistry. 

 There are five workers in this range; the 

 first. A, being a pure physicist ; B, a physi- 

 cist with a considerable experience of chem- 

 istry ; C, a physical chemist who has special- 

 ized in photography; D, a physical 

 chemist who has specialized in photographic 

 theory; and E, a pure physical chemist. 

 The interest of each of these workers over- 

 laps the field of the other workers but 

 nevertheless each of them has his own spe- 



silver salts ; and E, the analytical and solu- 

 bility apparatus of chemistry. 



The whole of this range is also connected 

 with colloid chemistry and especially the 

 overlap of the different sections involves 

 colloid problems, so that we can consider 

 colloid chemistry as dealing with the inter- 

 relations of the different sections of photo- 

 graphic chemistry and can represent its 

 province in the diagram by shading the 

 overlapping areas. The colloid division of 

 the laboratory will therefore be interested 

 in the work of each of the specific investi- 

 gators and will be of assistance to all of 

 them. 



These charts, prepared for a photographic 

 laboratorj^, are equally applicable in form 

 for almost any other convergent laboratory, 

 so that if we have to work out the organi- 

 zation of a research-laboratory which is to 

 study any inter-related group of problems, 

 we can do it by the construction of charts 

 similar to these. Thus, considering Fig. 1, 

 we place first at the bottom of the chart the 

 general subject considered and its various 

 branches and then above these the scientific 

 problems involved, separating out on oppo- 

 site sides of the chart those problems which 

 would involve different branches of pure 

 science. Thus, we can place on one side 



