January 13, 1922] 



SCIENCE 



51 



It bears on every page evidence of competent 

 knowledge, very broad reading and deep re- 

 flection. 



There are only seven chapters in the book 

 of nearly three hundred pages. The first one 

 is devoted to "Form, Growth and Change," 

 beginning with an examination of the struc- 

 ture, both external and internal, of the adult 

 insect. His second chapter is entitled "The 

 Open Type of Wing Growth," using this term 

 to characterize those insects which have in- 

 complete metamorphosis. The next chapter is 

 devoted to "The Hidden Type of Wing 

 Growth," in which he makes a careful and full 

 exposition of the structure in different stages 

 of those insects which have complete meta- 

 morphosis and therefore in which the wing 

 gi'owth is hidden in the larval form. An- 

 other chapter treats of "Some Wingless In- 

 sects." Then comes a fascinating and very 

 full chapter, covering nearly sixty pages, on 

 "Growing Insects and Their Surroundings," a 

 condensed insect ecology of great value and 

 admirably done. 



The last chapter is devoted to "The Prob- 

 lems of Transformation," in which he con- 

 trasts the transformations of insects and the 

 changes which other animals undergo in the 

 course of their development, considering the 

 primitive type of insect larva, the two types 

 of wing growth, and the history of the in- 

 sect orders as revealed by the rocks. 



In the earlier chapters it will be seen that 

 the author gives an account of the growth and 

 transformation of the insects of the different 

 orders, showing especially the astounding varia- 

 tions among the early stages, particularly the 

 larvae. The excellent and extensive ecological 

 chapter "On the Surroundings of Growing In- 

 sects" follows most naturally, while in the 

 final chapter, with equal happiness of arrange- 

 ment, he really considers the meaning of the 

 facts described in the earlier pages. 



Prepared in this way and by a thoroughly 

 competent man, this attractive, well printed, 

 and very well illustrated book will find its 

 readers not only among the entomologists but 

 among those interested in biology in a broad 

 way. 



L. 0. Howard 



RESEARCH FUNDS IN THE UNITED 

 STATES 



In the Bulletin of the National Research 

 Council for March, 1921, Callie Hull has com- 

 piled infoi-mation on the funds available in 

 the United States in 1920 for scientific re- 

 search. This is the fii-st compilation of its 

 kind, and readers of Science will be interested 

 in seeing a brief summary of the contents of 

 this paper. The following review of these 

 statistics can not be considered absolutely ac- 

 curate. In some cases it is difficult to judge of 

 the application of some arbitrary rules that 

 had to be adopted in order to make the tables 

 brief. I am satisfied, however, that the tables 

 are essentially reliable, and that if absolutely 

 correct figures could be obtained in every case, 

 no great variation from the flgui'es here given 

 would result. 



Annual incomes fi'oni funds for scientific 

 research in the United States, which have been 

 set aside by private individuals or corpora- 

 tions, range in amounts from less than $25.00 

 to more than $10,000,000. It is interesting to 

 note the distribution over our land of the in- 

 stitutions that dispense these funds. Most of 

 them are on the Atlantic coast, from Connecti- 

 cut to South Carolina. The principal centers 

 are Boston, New York and Washington. There 

 is a broad belt of smaller centers extending 

 from the Atlantic westward through the north- 

 ern states to beyond the Mississippi. On the 

 Pacific coast we find a center in and around 

 San Francisco. Very few research funds have 

 been established in the states lying on the high 

 plains and plateaus of the west, where culture 

 is recent, or in the southern states, where there 

 is as yet relatively little centralization of wealth. 



Funds of this kind have been established 

 only in 26 states. Of these. New York ranks 

 first and North Dakota last. In the amount 

 of established funds the rank of these states 

 is as follows: (1) New York, (2) Massachu- 

 setts, (3) Illinois, (4) California, (5) Mary- 

 land, (t6) Pennsylvania, (7) Minnesota, (8) 

 New Jersey, (9) Iowa, (10) Connecticut, (11) 

 Ohio, (12) Kansas, (13) Utah, (14) Wiscon- 

 sin, (15) Indiana, (16) Michigan, (17) Mis- 

 souri, (18) Alabama, (19) Washington, (20) 

 Texas, (21) Rhode Island, (22) Idaho, (23) 



