June 9, 1922] 



SCIENCE 



609 



surgeon's skill to avert disaster. The only 

 really safe place for the appendix is in the 

 surgeon's collection of trophies. 



VIII. Let us now turn to the very signifi- 

 cant evidence of our animal origin in the em- 

 bryonic development of man. I have time to 

 note but a single, though very enlightening 

 instance. 



During pre-natal development in man, be- 

 tween the two upper jaw bones is a triangular 

 bone which carries the four upper incisor or 

 "front teeth." At birth, and afterwards, there 

 is normally no such bone because it has become 

 fused on each side with the upper jaw bone. 

 In sheep and some other animals, this always 

 persists as a separate bone called the pre-max- 

 illary bone. Now note a curious defective de- 

 velopment in human fetal life. Sometimes this 

 pre-maxillary bone, in the human embryo, fails 

 to unite with the upper jaw bone on the right 

 or the left side, and then we have what you all 

 know as "cleft palate." If not only the bones 

 fail to fuse together, but this failure extends 

 also to the lips, we have a "hare lip." We see 

 in some cases only a cleft palate, in others only 

 a hare lip, in still others, both hare lip and 

 cleft palate. 



Wiien there is such a deformity, it never 

 occurs in the middle line, or any indifferent 

 place, here or there, but invariably to the right 

 or the left side and corresponding exactly to 

 the site of the failure of this pre-maxillary 

 Ijone to unite with the upper jaw. 



Is not such an exact correspondence between 

 the anatomy and development of the sheep and 

 of the child most significant of the ancestry of 

 the human body? 



IX. Lastly, there have been discovered sev- 

 eral grades of actual prehistoric men. Their 

 skeletons or skulls, their flint instruments, and 

 the remains of their fires are evidences of the 

 grade of their several civilizations. This chain 

 of human ancestors was unknown to Darwin, 

 for they have been discovered since his death. 



I have myself seen in the caverns of south- 

 ern France the extraordinary and convincing 

 evidences of the assured existence of our imme- 

 diate ancestor, the Cro-Magnan man, who lived 

 about 25,000 years ago. There are to be seen 

 the work of the first painter and the earliest 



sculptor, prehistoric Sargents and Rodins of 

 remarkable skill. 



Before the Cro-Magnan man was the Nean- 

 derthal man, "whom we know all about, 

 his frame, his head-form, his industries, his 

 ceremonial burial of the dead," as Dr. Henry 

 Fairfield Osborn has pointed out. Before him 

 was the Piltdown man; before him the Heidel- 

 berg man ; still earlier, in Java, the Trinil man ; 

 and still further back in geologic time was the 

 Foxhall man — all named for the localities in 

 which their remains were found. This earliest 

 Foxhall man lived in England before the Great 

 lee Age, about 500,000 years ago. 



The ditferenees between the highest anthro- 

 poid apes and the lowest man gradually grow 

 less and less the further we trace them back- 

 wards. We must clearly understand that no 

 existing species of anthropoid apes could have 

 been our ancestors. They and we are collateral 

 descendants from ape-like species living far, 

 far back in geologic time ; before, and probably 

 long before the Great lee Age. The earth is 

 very big, the various excavations have covered 

 only a very minute part of its surface during 

 only half a century. Every discovery has but 

 confirmed the wonderful stofy of the ascent of 

 man. Bateson, himself, who has been mis- 

 quoted as an opponent of evolution, says : "Let 

 us proclaim in precise and unmistakable lan- 

 guage that our faith in evolution is unshaken. 

 Every available line of argument converges on 

 this inevitable conclusion." 



Man's ascent from an animal of. low intelli- 

 gence seems to me to be absolutely proved by 

 the many phenomena which reveal identical 

 organs and physiological processes in the 

 animal and the human body, a few of which, 

 chosen out of a very great nmnber, I have 

 described. It is confirmed by the discovery of 

 the remains of a number of prehistoric men, as 

 is now definiteljr proved. This ascent of man, 

 in perfectly orderly sequence, is far more prob- 

 able than that evoliTtion progressed up to the 

 anthropoid apes and stopped there, and that, 

 God then made man by a separate, special, cre- 

 ative act, yet — mirabile dictu — with all these 

 minute and exact correspondences of similar 

 structures and functions in animals. Micro- 

 scopically, the various structures in man and 



