650 



SCIENCE 



[Vol. LV, No. 1433 



Sea suggests .1 eoutrolling factor akin to that 

 which determinea the distribution of civilization. 

 Among the physical factors most likely to be re- 

 lated to human ability, climate holds high rank. 

 A map of climatic energy based on a comparison 

 between climatic factors on the one hand, and 

 millions of deaths, thousands of cases of disease, 

 and the work of thousands of factory operatives 

 on the other, is almost identical with the maps of 

 civilization and of health, but wholly different 

 from any of the maps showing the distribution 

 of particular t3'pes of achievement. 



The resemblance of the maps of civiliziation, 

 health and climatic energy is so great that it 

 seems almost certain that there must be some 

 common cause. Civilization undoubtedly has an 

 influence on the distribution of health, but it 

 cannot possibly affect the distribution of climate. 

 Health likewise influences civilization, but cannot 

 influence climate. Climate, on the other hand, 

 may have some direct bearing on civilization, and 

 it certainly produces indirect effects through 

 agriculture, food and otherwise. It also has a 

 great influence upon health, and its action upon 

 civilization in this way is probably greater tlian 

 its direct effect or perhaps than the indirect re- 

 sults arising through agriculture and food. The 

 most reasonable explanation of the similarity of 

 the three maps seems to be that climate influences 

 health and health influences civilization. 



The similarity of climate, health and civiliza- 

 tion in their distribution in space appears to be 

 supplemented by an equally strong similarity in 

 their distribution in time. This matter has not 

 yet been investigated in Europe, but in the 

 United States variations in the weather from 

 season to season and year to year are reflected 

 with great fidelity in variations in the death 

 rate and in the amount and character of work 

 done by factory operatives on the one hand and 

 students on the other. In other words, the quality 

 and rapidity of people's work, that is, tlieir abili- 

 ty, varies in harmony with the general health of 

 the community and both vary in harmony with 

 the Aveather. The order of the relationship can 

 scarcely be other than weather, health, ability. 

 Thus, whether we consider space or time, climate 

 seems to be one of the determinants of the degree 

 of ability of a race. On the other hand not only 

 is racial inheritance presumably an important 

 factor in determining the energy of a race, but 

 in Europe, at least, it seems to be of great weight 

 in determining the direction in Avhich human 

 energy shall direct its activities. Thus sociological 



environment seems to be largely the result of the 

 interaction of human energy whose general dis- 

 tribution is greatly influenced bj' climate, and of 

 racial inheritance which determines the lines along 

 which nations shall express themselves in ideas 

 and institutions. 



George Hammond mid Sobert Liston — British 

 ministers in Philadelphia, 1791-lSOO: J. F. Jame- 

 son. 



The Three Trinities: E. Washburn Hopkins. 

 Trinities must be sharply differentiated from 

 triads; every trinity is a triad, but few triads are 

 trinities. Examples from Greece and Persia. In 

 India the first triadic union was that of the 

 three fires, of earth, atmosphere, sky; but this 

 was rather one god in three places than three 

 forms of a god. The popular trinity of Brahman, 

 Vislinu and Shiva was a theological compromise 

 and has never had philosophic support. But the 

 later trinity of the Eamanuja sect implies a 

 Father God, an Absolute Brahma, and an in- 

 carnate human form of the godhead. A similar 

 development is to be traced in the theistic 

 Buddhism which has always been more potent 

 than the doctrine of the Madhyamikas. The 

 Christian or Greek trinity combines in the same 

 way the ideas of godhead, personal God and in- 

 carnate divinity. At the base, all three are at- 

 tempts to express the same religious-philosophical 

 conception of a spiritual source of the world 

 manifested as personal spirit in heaven and in 

 human form on earth. Possibility of subsuming 

 these three trinities under one head, a new trinity 

 that might unite the three great religions. 



The use of devices for indicating vowel length 

 in Latin: John C. Kolfe. In the pronunciation 

 of Latin of the classical period great importance 

 was attached to the quantity of vowels. From 

 the time of Sulla until about 300 A. D. the 

 Eomans employed various devices for indicating 

 vowel length, especially the apex, which usually 

 had the form of an acute accent, and a tall I, to 

 indicate the long form of that vowel. These marks 

 are found in inscriptions, but all the long quanti- 

 ties are almost never indicated in any one in- 

 scription. The paper attempts to discover some 

 of the principles according to which the marks are 

 used. The examination of the "Monumentum 

 Ancyranum, ' ' a copy of the inscription in which 

 tlie Emperor Augustus recorded the deeds of his 

 reign, of the -speech of Claudius at Lyons in 48 

 A. D., and of several thousand shorter inscrip- 

 tions indicates that the marks are frequently used 

 with personal names, T\-ith titles of honor and for 



