September 20, 1912] 



SCIENCE 



365 



placing the old hard curiosity about nature 

 by an attempt at sympathetic comprehen- 

 sion. "We no longer think of ourselves as 

 alien from the rest of nature, using our 

 lordship over it for our own advantage ; we 

 recognize ourselves as part of nature, and 

 by acknowledging our kinship we are on 

 the surest road to an intelligent mastery. 

 But I must mention one name, that of Carl 

 Hagenbeck, of Hamburg, to be held in 

 high honor by all zoologists and natural- 

 ists, although he was not the pioneer, for 

 the open-air treatment and rational dis- 

 play of wild animals in captivity were 

 being begun in many parts of the world 

 while the Thier-Park at Stellingen was 

 still a suburban waste. He has brought a 

 reckless enthusiasm, a vast practical knowl- 

 edge and a sympathetic imagination to 

 bear on the treatment of living animals, 

 and it would be equally ungenerous and 

 foolish to fail to recognize the widespread 

 and beneficent influence of his example. 



However we improve the older menag- 

 eries and however numerous and well-ar- 

 ranged the new menageries may be, they 

 must always fall short of the conditions of 

 nature, and here I find another reason 

 for the making of zoological sanctuaries 

 throughout the world. If these be devised 

 for the preservation of animals, not merely 

 for the recuperation of game, if they be 

 kept sacred from gun or rifle, they will 

 become the real zoological gardens of the 

 future, in which our children and our 

 children's children will have the oppor- 

 tunity of studying wild animals under 

 natural conditions. I myself have so great 

 a belief in the capacity of wild animals for 

 learning to have confidence in man, or 

 rather for losing the fear of him that they 

 have been forced to acquire, that I think 

 that man, innocent of the intent to kill, 

 will be able to penetrate fearlessly into the 

 sanctuaries, with camera and notebook and 



field-glass. In any event all that the 

 guardians of the future will have to do 

 will be to reverse the conditions of our 

 existing menageries and to provide secure 

 enclosures for the visitors instead of for 

 the animals. 



I must end as I began this address by 

 pleading the urgency of the questions I 

 have been submitting to you as an excuse 

 for diverting your attention to a branch of 

 zoology which is alien from the ordinary 

 avocations of most zoologists, but which 

 none the less is entitled to their fullest sup- 

 port. Again let me say to you that I do 

 not wish to appeal to sentiment; I am of 

 the old school, and believing that animals 

 are subject and inferior to man, I set no 

 limits to human usufruct of the animal 

 kingdom. But we are zoologists here, and 

 zoology is the science of the living thing. 

 We must use all avenues to knowledge of 

 life, studying the range of form in sys- 

 tematic museums, form itself in labora- 

 tories, and the living animal in sanctuaries 

 and menageries. And we must keep all 

 avenues to knowledge open for our succes- 

 sors, as we can not guess what questions 

 they may have to put to nature. 



P. Chalmees Mitchell 



THE EIGHTH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS 

 OF APPLIED CHEMISTRY 

 A PRELIMINARY report by Dr. Bernhard 

 Hesse, the secretary of the congress, shows 

 that in the seven days' sessions in New York 

 City, September 6—12, the twenty-four sections 

 of the congress read over five hundred papers, 

 of which about half were discussed. Over 

 five hundred of the papers presented were in 

 print before the congress assembled in New 

 York, thus greatly facilitating their discus- 

 sion. Every one who has had experience in 

 getting papers into print in advance of 

 a scientific meeting will join in hearty con- 

 gratulations to the officers of the congress and 

 to its publication committee for this extra- 



