NOVBMBEE 29, 1912] 



SCIENCE 



747 



facts of man's whole history are brought into 

 line, one can, sighting along it, see that his 

 evolution is clearly to be away from war. 

 Like an organic species, war is a species of 

 conflict and it will give place to other forms 

 of conflict, no less real but more humane. 



To many scientific readers the most val- 

 uable part of this book will prove to be the 

 convenient summary of man's physical and 

 mental evolution during quaternary times, 

 contained in Chapters II-V. Here are pre- 

 sented, in Professor Kellogg's well-known, stri- 

 king style, and in a form well adapted for the 

 general reader, the evidence for the existence 

 of Tertiary man, and brief characterizations 

 of early Quaternary man — " Homo Primi- 

 genius : Man of the Great Ice " — ^who found 

 in fighting his chief occupation and diversion. 

 " Homo Priscus : Man after the Ice," par- 

 tially freed by his wit from constant struggle 

 with the rest of nature, devotes some of his 

 newly acquired leisure toward fashioning his 

 own environment. 



Neolithic man, " Homo Sapiens : Man of 

 History," gets something to call " culture." 

 He begins to experience the results of his own 

 modification of his environment, and finds 

 that he has inherited not only instincts and 

 reflexes, but also the capacity to modify these 

 by the exercise of reason ; and so he begins to 

 take a hand in directing the evolution of his 

 " human nature." Kellogg recognizes the prox- 

 imity of this idea to the " inheritance of 

 acquired characters," but proceeds. Man of 

 to-day, as an individual, fights as a pastime 

 chiefly, and international war has become pri- 

 marily a struggle to destroy dollars. The real 

 desire for war occasionally is said to be al- 

 ready a sub-modal species character. 



As to Quinternary man, " Homo Superioris : 

 Man of To-morrow," Kellogg ventures to 

 prophesy, saying that his physical constitu- 

 tion seems fixed and unlikely to be much fur- 

 ther changed, and he must perforce depend 

 for his existence upon the evolution and use 

 of his intelligence. As this develops man will 

 recognize the truth about war and will, must, 

 eliminate it from the species life. 



It is obviously possible to arrange the lead- 

 ing facts of man's evolutionary history so as 

 to indicate the future elimination of war, and, 

 faith being the substance of things hoped for, 

 let us have faith that this prediction may be 

 speedily fulfilled. But that one may also ar- 

 range the facts of man's whole history, as well 

 as of man's History, so as to point in any 

 direction hoped for, is still true; and many 

 of Kellogg's theses might serve as subjects for 

 argumentation. 



" Beyond War " is a clear indication of the 

 now recognized necessity of enlarging history 

 to include the whole history of man and his 

 works, and of the important relation of bio- 

 logical facts to the work, not only of the his- 

 torian, but of the politician, the economist, 

 sociologist, philanthropist and peacemaker. 

 While our biological substructure may not yet 

 be able really to bear the load often thus 

 placed upon it, we should and do welcome 

 heartily every attempt of the trained biologist 

 to make his science available for use and for 

 human life. 



Wm. E. Kellicott 



BOTANICAL NOTES 

 THE BRUSSELS CODE 



It may now be well in the middle of the 

 lustrum between the Brussels Botanical Con- 

 gress (of 1910) and the London Congress (to 

 be held 1915) to make some pronouncements 

 upon what progress has been made towards 

 securing a useful and workable code and what 

 remains yet to be done. Before the Vienna 

 Congress (in 1905) there was great diversity 

 of practise among botanists, and not a little 

 heat and temper had been displayed by the 

 champions of this or that particular view. 

 When Otto Kuntze about twenty years ago 

 stirred up the whole subject there were many 

 who regarded his action as wholly unneces- 

 sary and uncalled for, and yet it is true that 

 from this stirring up of things have come the 

 two congresses, namely, at Vienna, and 

 Brussels, and much that Kuntze contended 

 for has now been enacted into botanical law. 

 So too, the movement in America a little later, 



