JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 95 
Simultaneously with advancement of lunar investigation in the 
direction referred to, other observers were scrutinizing and mapping 
out the moon’s surface. Without instrumental aid only a faint indi- 
cation of the more prominent objects on the moon’s disk can be 
seen, and it is not surprising these were long thought to be reflected 
images of the seas and continents of the earth. Galileo’s “ perspec- 
tive glass,” made by him about 1609, was the first known instrument 
by which the moon was seen more distinctly than by unaided vision. 
A year after Galileo made his glass he published an account of what 
he had seen through it. The quaint title of his book tells its own 
story. It reads in full: ‘The Sidereal Messenger, announcing 
‘ great and wonderful spectacles, and offering them to the consider- 
“‘ ation of everyone, but especially of Philosophers and Astronomers, 
“ which have been observed by Galileo Galilei, etc., etc., by the aid 
‘of a perspective glass lately invented by him: namely, in the face 
‘of the moon, in innumerable fixed stars, but especially in four 
“planets which revolve around Jupiter at different intervals and 
‘* periods with a wonderful celerity, which hitherto not known to 
“‘ anyone, the author has recently been the first to detect, and has 
‘““ decreed to call the Medicean stars.” Galileo said that his first 
telescope made objects look three times nearer and nine times larger, 
and that he made a second, having a magnifying power of sixteen 
times. He probably never used an instrument which magnified 
more than thirty diameters. But by their use he constructed the 
first map of the moon ever made, and measured some of the lunar 
mountains. It is needless to add that Galileo immortalized his 
name by extending the boundaries of human knowledge, and by 
preparing the way for a more adequate conception of the infinite 
grandeur of the great Cosmos, the glorious universe of God. 
A younger contemporary of Galileo, John Hovel (or Hevelius, 
as he was called in Latin, who was born at Dantzig) carried the work 
of lunar observation further than any of his predecessors. In his 
youth Hovel (whose father was a rich brewer) studied law, though 
mathematics and astronomy were his favorite pursuits. He travelled 
in Europe four years, attended in London the lectures of Wallis, 
one of the founders of the Royal Society, and would have visited 
Galileo in Italy, but was summoned home by his aged father to take 
charge of their brewery. But to astronomy he bent the best energies 
