172 



SCIENCE. 



[Vol. II., No. 27. 



ual minds. Discrete minds could not develop 

 language : it is produced b.y man3- co-existing 

 individuals of each of a long series of genera- 

 tions. Societj" and mind were necessarj' to 

 its production. The arts are produced by 

 mauj- persons in the same manner as languages, 

 and involve also the operations of mind ; but 

 the arts could not have been developed with- 

 out the concomitant development of language, 

 for art is built on art, and that which remains 

 in art must pass from person to person and 

 from generation to generation bj^ means of 

 language. The arts of absolutely discrete 

 men could make no progress. 



For the evolution of society, language is 

 necessary for the intercommunication of 

 thought. The interdependence of men as 

 integral parts of bodies politic would be im- 

 possible without language ; and sociologic 

 organization is dependent upon the differen- 

 tiation of human activities, or the division of 

 labor, and is therefore dependent upon the 

 development of arts or technology. Philos- 

 oph}', or the science of eA'olving opinion, is 

 the final product of the mind, and is therefore 

 dependent upon psychologic evolution. It is 

 dependent upon philology, for language is the 

 mould of thought, and determines its form. 

 It is dependent upon technology, for by the 

 arts men reach knowledge not otherwise attain- 

 able ; and upon sociology, for it is the com- 

 bined knowledge of man3', accumulating 

 through the generations. 



Again : all that part of the evolution of 

 psychology which distinguishes the human 

 mind from that of the lower animals is due 

 to the tertiary aggregation in the develop- 

 ment of philology; technology, sociology, and 

 philosophy. In philology the method of evo- 

 lution is the survival of the economic in the 

 struggle for expression ; and the course of 

 evolution is through the specialization of the 

 grammatic processes, the differentiation of 

 the parts of speech, and the integration of 

 the sentence. The method of evolution in 

 technology is the survival of the useful in the 

 struggle to have ; and the course of evolution 

 is the employment of the forces and materials 

 of nature for the benefit of mankind. The 

 method of sociologic evolution is the survival 

 of justice in the struggle for peace ; and the 

 course of evolutiou is the differentiation of 

 the functions and organs of government, and 

 the integration of tribes and nations. The 

 method of evolution in philosophy is the sur- 

 vival of the true in the struggle to know ; 

 and the course of evolution is in the discern- 

 ment and discrimiaation of phenomena, the 



relegation from analogic to liomologic cate- 

 gories in classification, and the discovery of 

 more and more complex sequences. In these 

 psychologic sciences the struggle, i.e., the 

 endeavor, i.e., the conation, is teleologic. 



The primary method of psj-chologic evolu- 

 tion is the survival of the fittest in the struggle 

 for existence, and is purelj* biologic. The 

 struggling subject itself survives. The secon- 

 darj' or indirect method of psychologic evo- 

 lution is by the agencies of the philologic, 

 technologic, sociologic, and philosophic meth- 

 ods; and. combined, thej' constitute the 

 successful struggle for happiness. All that 

 part of the evolution of psjx'hology which 

 separates man from the lower animals is due 

 to this secondary or indirect method, and is 

 teleologic ; and progress is due, not to the 

 survival of the fittest of the struggling subjects, 

 but to the survival of the object for which 

 the struggle is made. These five sciences, 

 therefore, constitute one group, through the 

 fact that they belong properly to the tertiary 

 aggregation of matter, and the further fact 

 that the method or cause of evolution exhibited 

 therein is radically different from the method 

 or cause of evolution in biology*. The five 

 sciences are co-ordinate, reciprocal, and in- 

 terdependent. As biology has its genesis 

 through protoplasm and organic chemistry in 

 the physical aggregation, so these five sciences 

 of the tertiary* aggregation have their genesis 

 in biology, — in the biologic organs of man- 

 kind, anci the beginnings of these sciences dis- 

 covered among the lower animals. 



Elsewhere Mr. Ward classifies phenomena 

 in the manner shown in the table on the fol- 

 lowing page, which is copied from his work. 



Of the four groups thus derived, the first, 

 inorganic, corresponds to the group embraced 

 in his primar}' aggregation; the second, or- 

 ganic, to the group embraced in his secondary 

 aggregation, but excludes psvchology, philol- 

 ogy, technology, sociology, and philosophy. 

 If we combine his direct and indirect teleo- 

 logic phenomena into one group, the five great 

 sciences which include the operations and 

 products of the mind are thrown into one. 

 Let the first, then, be called physical phenom- 

 ena or phenomena of the primary aggregation, 

 and the sciences which pertain thereto physical 

 sciences ; the second, biologic phenomena or 

 phenomena of the secondar3' aggregation, and 

 the sciences pertaining thereto biologic sci- 

 ences. But what shall the third group be 

 called? If the term ps3-cholog3' is used, it 

 must be with a wider connoting than that 

 which it has heretofore had. Psychology. 



