August 10, 188;?. 



SCIENCE. 



173 



Phenomena are: 



Ocnctlc; phyHlcal; unconscious; producing change through 

 infinitesimal incrcmunta. 



Tcloologicnl ; psychical ; conscious : prooeedlng Arom volition 

 and Involving purpose. 



Inorganic : 

 result of physical or 

 licol forces. 



Organic : 

 the result of vital 

 cal forces. 



Dirtct : 

 procecdiOK according to the 

 direct method of conation. 



Indirect : 

 proceeding according to the 

 indirect method of conation. 



Zovtogicut : 

 nanifested by 



rding to uniform la 



Natural : 

 8, and produced by tr 



Anthropological : 

 as manifested by man. Do. 

 main of the social forces. 



kturul forces; capable of prediction and 



Artijlcial: 

 conni^ting of nat- 

 ural phenomena 

 modi lied by the 

 inventive fiicully. 



then, would include tiie operations of the 

 miud. and the products, or results, of those 

 operations. If we use anthropology, the 

 term will not include the beginnings of psy- 

 chology, philology, technology, and sociology, 

 found among the lower animals ; for thej' have 

 mind, language, art, and society' in a com- 

 paratively low form. On the other hand, an- 

 thropolog\' has been used so as to include 

 the biology of man. If we use .sociology, 

 following Comte, Spencer, and Ward, the term 

 must include more than these authors design, 

 and some otlier term must be selected for that 

 differentiated science which forms one of the 

 group of five, and which above has been desig- 

 nated as sociology. Altogether it seems 

 better to use the term anthropology, which 

 would then include psychology-, philology', 

 technology, sociolog3', and philosophy. 



Mr. Ward does not relegate ethics to any 

 place in his scheme, floral science relates to 

 that portion of human conduct in which the 

 qualities of right and wrong inhere ; and the 

 moral quality depends upon llic relations which 

 exist between men and men : it is tiierefore 

 a part of sociology ; and the principal bod^' 

 of eliiics at any time existing among a people 

 is formulated as law, made by the court or 

 the legislature. Mr. Spencer, in his essa^' on 

 the classification of the sciences, gives it no 

 place, but, in the elaborate scheme of philos- 

 ophy embraced in his works, places it above 

 sociology. 



It may be asked. What place does logic take 

 in the classification here proposed? Tlie reply 

 is, that the logic of the ancients has no place 

 in science. To modern logic something else 

 has l)een addo<i ; and this something else 

 belongs to psychology. The logic of the 

 ancients, and a large part of that of modern 

 metapiiysicians, is a system designed to dis- 

 cover truth by a form of words. If it be 



trnthfnll}- asserted that an object is white, no 

 form of words can prove the truth of the as- 

 sertion. If questioned, the questioner must 

 pei'ceivc that the body is wliile in the same 

 manner as it was perceived by the person 

 making the assertion; and the assertor can 

 onlj- point out, i.e., demonstrate, the fact. 

 And the same is true of any other fact, how- 

 soever simple or complex. A truth or fact 

 can be pointed out or demonstrated to the 

 eye, or to the mind's eye, but cannot be proved 

 by a logical form of statement. The idea of 

 logical proof is a conception of a time when 

 powers were occult ; and logic divested of mod- 

 ern appurtenances is an occult art. 



It would make this article too long to attempt 

 to set forth fully the place of mathematics in 

 this scheme ; but quantitative relations, like 

 qualitative relations, belong to all degi'ees of 

 aggregations, to all complexities of ]iiienom- 

 ena, and to all stages of evolution ; and, in the 

 science of matiiematics, relations of quantity' 

 are considered apart from other relations, and 

 in the abstract. 



Mr. Spencer, although he presents a classi- 

 fication of the sciences, docs not use it in his 

 philosophy of evolution, but practically uses 

 the priinaiT classification here set foi-th, under 

 the terms • inorganic,' 'organic,' and ' super- 

 organic ' evolution. 



Tlie defect in Mr. Wai'd's classification here 

 pointed out seriously influences his presenta- 

 tion of the subject of dynamic sociology 

 proper, appearing in the second volume. It 

 also greatly narrows his view of the field of 

 successful endeavor for organized society. 

 Mankind has made progress, i.e., secured 

 happiness, quite as much by the effort for 

 peace and the establishment of justice as by 

 the effort to know and the acquisition of truth. 

 It can be shown in other and diverse ways that 

 his view of successful human endeavor is 



