256 



SCIENCE. 



[Vol. II., No. 30. 



somewhat schistose rocks, and others T\hich 

 are macroscopically like argillites, but contain 

 too large a proportion of quartz. The lime- 

 stone is generally compact, gray or reddish 

 colored, very like the cretaceous (according to 

 Professor Neumayr) in the acropolis at Athens, 

 and has often large quantities of silica so 

 irregularh" accumulated as to produce a very 

 rough weathered surface like the cretaceous 

 limestone west of Smyrna. This limestone is 

 found chiefly about the base of Mount Ida, at 

 Edremit, Qojikia-dagh, and Chal5'-dagh, as 

 well as between Qayalar and Ahmadja, and 

 several kilometres south-west of llisfagy. At 

 Qojikia-dagh it is peculiar in containing many 

 small needle-shaped quartz crystals. The fer- 

 ruginous quartzite was observed only upon the 

 acute summit of Dikili-dagh. 



The greenish, somewhat schistose rocks, with 

 sandstones of the same color, near Ahmadja, as 

 west of Smyrna, overlie the limestone. The 

 cretaceous age of the limestone at the locality 

 last named appears to be quite definitel}- de- 

 termined bj' Strickland, Tchihatchetf, and 

 Spratt ; but the age of that near Ahmadja is 

 yet uncertain. Only one fossil has been found 

 in it. Concerning this, Professor Neumayr 

 writes, " It is a Rhynconella which is so widely 

 distributed that it cannot be used as a certain 

 means of determining the age of the strata in 

 which it occurs ; but the limestone is probably 

 cretaceous." 



That these rocks are younger than those of 

 the mica-schist zone is indicated, not only by 

 the fact that thej' contain fossils, and are less 

 crystalline than that group, but also bj^ the 

 fact that they are .made up of sediments derived 

 from the crystalline schists. On the other 

 hand, that they are, at least in part, old rocks, 

 is shown b}- the contact zone produced in them 

 b^' the quartz diorite. 



In 1881 Mr. Frank Calvert, American con- 

 sul at Dardanelles, discovered undoubtedly 

 eocene fossils (determined b}' Professor Neu- 

 mayr) at several places in the Troadic penin- 

 sula outside of the region visited b^' the 

 geologist of the expedition. The same rocks, 

 in all probabilit}-, occur also in the southei'n 

 Troad ; but, until further investigations are 

 made, their appearance must be lelt doubtful. 



It seems probable, therefore, that in the 

 intermediate zone there are a number of ter- 

 ranes of difl'ereut age. It should be stated in 

 this connection, that the rocks of the southern 

 Troad, placed by Tchihatchetf provisionalh' in 

 the lower tertiarj-, are, according to Professor 

 Neumayr, of more recent origin. 



The third or youngest group of stiatifled 



deposits, embracing those which are certainly 

 not older than the miocene, may be divided 

 into two portions. Geographically they are 

 entnely distinct, and their stratigraphical rela- 

 tions are yet uncertain. 



The rocks of the sarmatic stage (tufa) of 

 the miocene, so well exposed at Eren-kicui, are 

 now known to border the western coast from 

 the Trojan plain to beyond the mouth of the 

 Touzla, near the promontory of Baba-bournou. 



At the site of ancient Ilamaxitos, several 

 kilouietres south-west of Kiulahly, the ' niactra- 

 kalk,' with its characteristic fossils, forms the 

 acropolis. This limestone is undoubtedly of 

 marine origin ; and although it has a wide dis- 

 tribution north-eastward, toward the Caspian 

 and the Vienna basin, yet it has not been rec- 

 ognized farther south-west than the coast of 

 the Troad. 



Beneath the limestone, as at Eren-kieui, is 

 a great thickness of sand and clay beds which 

 are underlaid bj' a conglomerate, and probably 

 at the bottom of the series a stratum of red 

 cla^-. The conglomerate is composed chiefly 

 of fragments of andesite and liparite. Fossils 

 have not been found in these beds near He- 

 maxitos ; but at Ereu-kieiii, according to Cal- 

 vert and Neumayr, organic remains are not 

 infrequent, and of a mixed character, indicating 

 that the strata belong, at least in great part, 

 to the sarmatic stage. The marine beds which 

 overlie the mactra limestone are largely devel- 

 oped south of the mouth of the Touzla, and 

 contain great numbers of fossils, among which 

 are many Ostrea and gastropods. 



The second portion of the tertiary deposits 

 occupies a large part of the interior of the 

 Troad about the great plain of the Mender^, 

 between Ezine andBairamitch, as well as along 

 the southern coast, west of Papazly. It has 

 furnished but few fossils, and the}' are of such 

 a character that its age cannot be determined 

 with certaintj'. However, according to Profes- 

 sor Neumayr, who has kindly undertaken the 

 determination of the fossils collected b}' the 

 expedition, it must be upper miocene, mio- 

 pliocene, or lower pliocene. That it is in 

 great pai"t a fresh, or at most a slightly brack- 

 ish water deposit, cannot be doubted. As has 

 already been shown in a preliminary report, 

 where these deposits are described at some 

 length, the basis of the series is a conglomer- 

 ate in which fragments of the basalts, ande^tes, 

 and liparites, have not been found. It is over- 

 laid by a series of shales, upon which, between 

 Demi«dji-kieui and Narly, rests a puzzling rock, 

 regarded by Tchihatcheff as limestone. It is 

 usuallj' pale-yellowish colored, soft, light, and 



