258 



SCIENCE. 



IVoi,. II.. Xo. 30. 



were extruded before the deposition of the 

 ' mactrakalk ' is certain ; but, from the fact that 

 the exact age of the tertiar}- deposits in the 

 southern part of the Troad has not been defi- 

 nitely determined, the time of the extrusion of 

 the great mass of the liparites cannot be stated. 

 However, it occurred most liliely at the begin- 

 ning or in the early part of the pliocene, when 

 the land was raised above the sea, and the 

 islands converted into a peninsula. 



The andesites embrace typical mica-ande- 

 sites and hornblende-andesites, as well as a 

 great variety in which mica and hornblende 

 occur in nearly equal proportion. These, with 

 augite-andesite, occupy a great area between 

 the Mendere and the southern coast ; and, un- 

 like the liparites, thej- seem to have reached the 

 surface, at least in some cases, through volcanic 

 vents. Not unfrequently they occur in dikes 

 also, and have evidently overflowed a large 

 area of late tertiary deposits. 



Their extrusion along the western coast 

 began before the deposition of the • mactra- 

 kalk,' and along the southern coast during the 

 formation of the fresh-water deposits of that 

 region. Pyroxene is generally a prominent 

 constituent of the andesites, and frequently- 

 both rhombic and monoclinic pyroxenes occur 

 together. The former is generally the most 

 abundant, and has in one case been proved to 

 be hypersthene. It occurs not only in the 

 mica-andesite at Assos and Smyrna, but also 

 in the hornblende-andesite north-west of Qoz- 

 lou-dagh, and the augite-andesite west of 

 Sivriji-bournou. Among the great variety of 

 andesites may be mentioned the oldest which 

 flowed from the crater at Assos. It is a mica- 

 andesite, in the groundmassof which is a large 

 proportion of apparently primary mica and 

 hematite. 



The basalts occur in dikes, and, although 

 widely distributed, do not occupy large areas. 

 Along the southern coast of the Troad it is of 

 an audesitic type, and the olivine is occasionally 

 altered to distinctly cleavable pleochroitic ser- 

 pentine. 



The same phenomenon is better developed 

 in the typical nepheline-basalt which forms the 

 prominent hill called Qaralyly or Qapandja- 

 tepe, near the centre of the Troadic peninsula. 

 The basalts and nepheline-basalt are evidenth' 

 younger than the tertiary deposits with which 

 they are associated ; but the time of their ex- 

 trusion with reference to that of the other 

 eruptive rocks of the Troad cannot be defi» 

 nitely determined. J. S. Dialer. 



G-reaeon, Cumberland County, Fenn., 

 June 4, 1883. 



OCCURRENCE OF MOUND-BUILDERS' 

 Pll'ES IN NEW JERSEY. 



Until recently the one form of stone imple- 

 ment which is characteristic of the mounds of 

 Ohio and westward, and that has not been 

 duplicated in surface finds in New Jersey and 

 elsewhere on our northern Atlantic sea-board, 

 is the so-called mound-builders' pipes, such as 

 were discovered in great numbers, and de- 

 scribed in detail b3- Squier and Davis in the 

 ' Ancient monuments of the Mississippi Valley,' 

 and more recently b}- several authors. These 

 pipes may be characterized as having a small 

 bowl, usually in the shape of a bird, mammal, 

 or human head, placed upon a short, flat, and 

 slighth' curved base, so perforated that it was 

 used as the stem of the pipe. In other words, 

 it was a complete smoking implement, and 

 therefore unlike the ordinary pipes or pipe- 

 bowls found in New Jersey and the New- 

 England states, which, as a rule, required the 

 addition of a stem of reed or hollow bone, to 

 be used as the mouthpiece. 



Within a few weeks, a pipe of the pattern I 

 have desciibed, assumed to be peculiar to the 

 mound-builders, has been found in New Jersey. 

 While the bowl is perfectly plain, except a 

 slight scalloping of the rim, it will be seen at 

 a glance, that the specimen is essentially- of the 

 same pattern as the ' animal pipes ' found in 

 Ohio, and recently- also In Iowa. 



Previous to 1882, I had beeA unable to find 

 auj' pipes of this pattern, or traces of native 

 copper implements of any kind ; but since 

 then copper spears, such as are found in Wis- 

 consin, have been found in New Jersey-, and 

 now the pipe that I have described, and of 

 which an illustration is given. Recently, also, 

 specimens of flint arrow-heads have been col- 

 lected, which in size, and delicacy of finish, are 

 equal to the best examples from Oregon. 



These specimens are now briefly referred to, 

 as indicative of the fact, that in skill in work- 

 ing flint, and in the range of handiwork, 

 whether iij slope, bqne, or clay, the diflerence 



