204 



SCIENCE 



[N. S. Vol. XLV. No. 1157 



Yendo (1914) "On the Cultivation of Sea- 

 weeds with Special Accounts of their Ecol- 

 ogy." In each of these papers attention is 

 called to ecological factors modifying or 

 illustrating the workings of general fac- 

 tors of distribution as well as those con- 

 cerned in special topographical distribu- 

 tion. 



To sum up the general results and to at- 

 tempt to determine the general subdivisions 

 of the coast lines to satisfy all require- 

 ments of geographical distribution, the fol- 

 lowing seems to be a reasonable, although 

 tentative, arrangement, both as to climatic 

 and as to topographical divisions. 



CLIMATIC 



I. Zones, regulated by temperature of 

 the warmer months, especially to be 

 determined by the mean summer 

 temperatures or in practise by the 

 isotheral lines at intervals of 5° C. ; 

 II. Regions, purely geographic segrega- 

 tions under zones; 



III. Provinces, subdivisions of regions ac- 



cording to mean winter tempera- 

 tures, in practise by isocrymes, 5° 

 apart or less; 



IV. Districts, subdiwsions under provinces 



according to geographical remote- 

 ness and varying physical condi- 

 tions of a general nature ; 



TOPOGRAPHICAL 



V. Formations, aggregations of alga of 

 same general form, depending par- 

 ticularly upon substratum ; 

 VI. Associations, aggregations of algee de- 

 pending for general likeness of 

 plant form, etc., on depth (belts), 

 salinity, light, aeration, etc., gener- 

 ally characterized by the predomi- 

 nance of a single, or at most, of a 

 few species. 



"W. A. Setchell 

 Univeesity or Calipobnia 



THE CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OF 

 WASHINGTON AND SCIEN- 

 TIFIC RESEARCH 1 



Numerous references have been made in 

 preceding reports to the growing realiza- 

 tion of the world at large that the methods 

 of science are the most effective methods 

 thus far developed for the advancement of 

 learning and for the mitigation of the con- 

 sequences of the inexorable "laws of na- 

 ture" which condition existence on our 

 planet. Reference has been made likewise 

 to the contemporary rise and progress of 

 other research establisliments and to the in- 

 troduction of investigation as an economic 

 adjunct to industrial enterprises. These 

 manifestations of popular approval and 

 confidence continue to be among the most 

 noteworthy signs of the times. Indeed, it 

 is plain that we are now witnessing a re- 

 markably rapid evolution of public under- 

 standing of the meaning and the value of 

 research. This has been greatly intensified 

 and accelerated by the European war, 

 whose sinister aspects appear to be relieved 

 in some degree by the prospects of an awak- 

 ened realization of the availability of better 

 methods than those of warfare for settling 

 international disputes, of better methods 

 than those now commonly applied in the 

 government of states, and of better meth- 

 ods in education, in sanitation, in indus- 

 try, and in biological economy generally. 

 The European war has emphasized to a 

 degree not hitherto attained in the world's 

 history the perils of ignorance, of govern- 

 ment by assumed divine right, and of that 

 sort of diplomacy which shades off by in- 

 sensible degrees into duplicity; and it has 

 emphasized equally clearly the necessity 

 for rational investigation of and progres- 

 sive reforms in all national affairs. 



How the details of this evolution, in 

 which the institution must participate, will 



1 From the report of the president for 1916. 



