April 27, 1917] 



SCIENCE 



395 



As to location, FF. 's images have to do with 

 Palo Alto (her home, school, etc.), the places where 

 her summers have been largely spent (Carmel and 

 Tahoe) and with the experiences, as was said, of 

 the year and a half residence in the east. The 

 year in the east, considering the time involved, 

 has a very much greater image-producing power 

 than has her own home in Palo Alto. The same 

 is true of her life at Carmel and Lake Tahoe, the 

 last furnishing more images than does Carmel, 

 where she spent more time and the time was more 

 distributed. The importance of vacation periods 

 in the intellectual life clearly comes out here, as 

 well as in case of some of the other reagents. 



I suspect the pleasure-giving power of an image 

 often determines its arousal in FF. 's case. At 

 any rate, no image of her experiences at Carmel in 

 1906, when she had scarlet fever and suffered a 

 great deal, arose, and moreover, every one of her 

 images has an agreeable content and she showed 

 much pleasure in describing them. Not only pleas- 

 ure, but the newness of an experience is also, doubt- 

 less, an important factor as regards its being 

 imaged. This explains probably why FF. repro- 

 duces in her images so rarely the members of her 

 own family, to whom she is devoted. One must 

 not, however, over-emphasize pleasure and interest 

 as image-producing factors in her case, for the re- 

 sults show other factors often enter in and control 

 their arising. For example, FF. went to the Ex- 

 position two days during the time the experiments 

 were being carried on and was greatly interested 

 and took much pleasure in what she had seen, but 

 the fifteen images recorded after her return from 

 the Exposition do not reproduce what she saw 

 there. 



FF. 's predominating interests are evidently 

 those enumerated by her mother, before she knew 

 the distribution of her images — Tahoe, Carmel, 

 people, school, horses, in fact, all animals, plants, 

 especially flowers, water and landscapes. Some of 

 the images classed under people had a landscape 

 background or were accompanied by another image- 

 arousing subject such as an animal; a person, for 

 example, was on horseback, or a dog or cat was 

 with a person, but such images as to content have 

 been classed under people, because it was quite evi- 

 dent that the person or persons were the real cen- 

 ters of interest. That FF. is a close observer, as 

 her mother says, is evident from the presence of 

 details in her images which most persons would 

 not have noticed in examining the particular ob- 

 ject visualized, as for example, the way in which 



the sunlight fell upon certain parts of a dress, 

 was reproduced in them. 



A comparison of FF. 's images with those of her 

 brother LF. shows that her visualizations are much 

 more personal and in general less valuable as re- 

 gards content. LF. for example visualized Lake 

 Michigan, an aeroplane at the Exposition, the 

 plains in New Mexico, scenes described in a book 

 on the south pole, speed boats at the Exposition, 

 views of Pittsburgh, a glacier, picture of Whistler, 

 harbor at Sandusky, etc. FF. Gertrude Jones on 

 her wheel, Mrs. Jordan at a picture. Dr. Lane shoot- 

 ing at little cans, Mrs. Ely with a rose in her hair 

 singing, etc. As FF. is an intelligent girl, it is 

 probable that the unimportant content of her 

 images is due to her secluded education and the 

 greater emphasis laid by those who have had to do 

 with it on the less important matters of life. 

 What is true of the content of FF. 's images is also 

 true of the images of the other girls who took part 

 in the experiments. 



The results with FF. show very clearly the diag- 

 nostic significance of these experiments from an 

 educational standpoint. FF.'s mother, with whom 

 I studied the results, I found later, had made an 

 application of what she had learned. FF.'s read- 

 ing had been altered and family discussions were 

 now more often connected with matters of world 

 interest. 



The results also show that visual images 

 reveal the attitude of an individual as re- 

 gards the world around him. The activities 

 pictured in the image and the observer's 

 relation to such activities show whether he 

 is a participator, an actor in the scene, or 

 only an observer of it, that is, whether an 

 objective or subjective attitude of mind 

 marks him. 



Before leaving the discussion of the gen- 

 eral facts it ought to be said, perhaps, that 

 the results do not show that a study of a 

 person's visual images alone, even where 

 such images are very strong and detailed, 

 will completely represent his personality. 

 To obtain such a representation, as well as 

 to determine the laws of thought in gen- 

 eral, not only must the content of other 

 images, as the tactile, auditory and kines- 

 thetic, be studied in themselves and in a 

 comparative way but the relative signif- 



