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SCIENCE 



[N. S. Vol. XLV. No. 1165 



icance of each kind of imagery in the ob- 

 server's life should be investigated. His 

 imageless thought should also be exam- 

 ined. Taine, in saying that the laws of 

 thought can be determined by studying 

 images, was only correct in the main. 

 There is, as I have previously shown, 

 some of our thinking which is not repre- 

 sented by images, even in case of those hav- 

 ing a strong visual memory which is actu- 

 ally measurable and this unanschaulich 

 residue must not, of course, be neglected 

 in a complete investigation of personality. 

 Where an observer does not have visual 

 images other images could doubtless be 

 similarly employed, but where he has 

 fairly strong visual images their use is to 

 be preferred, in that an observer is in- 

 structed to examine a thing having a real- 

 ity and objectivity comparable with that of 

 a positive and negative after-image, where 

 the possibility of measurement is univer- 

 sally admitted. What I mean to say is 

 that in examining visual images a reagent's 

 observing powers are called into play as 

 they would be in making a study of a 

 sensory object and the demands made upon 

 his introspective powers are therefore much 

 less than in examining other images and 

 imageless thinking. 



The results of another series of experi- 

 ments where the observer was instructed 

 to arouse, respectively, let arise, a feeling 

 image or experience, showed that not alone 

 the sensory image, but also the feeling 

 image or experience method, should be em- 

 ployed, as in some observers emotion plays 

 so important a role as even, for example, 

 to transform major image centers into 

 minor and vice versa. Not alone as a mat- 

 ter of confirmation and supplementation 

 should the feeling image method be used, 

 but to obtain information concerning the 

 energizing and non-energizing eifect of emo- 

 tion as regards thinking and -acting. 



Supplementation and modification of the 

 series just outlined would be desirable as, 

 for example, the effect on imagery of shift- 

 ing the environment systematically, or, 

 again, experiments in which the experi- 

 menter suggested the subjects of the images 

 would be useful in showing the initiative 

 imaging and thinking power of an ob- 

 server. In reading a piece of poetry or 

 prose, one is often able to represent what 

 is presented, but is painfiilly aware that 

 he has not sufficient intellectual initiative 

 power in the particular direction to have 

 had the images and ideas arise spontane- 

 ously. 



The tabulations show further that 



Memory images 'predominate in the 

 visualization of the ohservers. 



Certain subjects are more likely to he 

 reproduced in the form of imagination 

 images by some observers than others. 



Memory images are usually definitely 

 located as to the time of the corresponding 

 experience. 



The shorter the time since an experi- 

 ence occurred, the greater the probability 

 of its being visualized. 



The probability of the visualization of 

 a more recent experience does not decrease 

 with the age of the observer, as might have 

 been expected from Bibot's investigations. 



The observer's present environment is 

 often determinative as regards the images 

 which arise. 



Certain places, objects and activities are 

 more likely to be visualized. 



While the range of visualization as re- 

 gards time, place and subjects, differs with 

 different observers, it is in general constant 

 in case of the same observer. 



The range of visualization as regards 

 the amount included in the image differs. 



Previously connected experiences are evi- 

 dently not as closely bound together above 



