440 



SCIENCE 



[N. S. Vol. XLV. No. 1166 



Dr. B. T. Galloway, Mr. Charles F. Deering and 

 Professor W. D. Crocker were elected to member- 

 ship. 



The program of the evening was devoted to the 

 subject of ' ' The Relation of Plant Succession to 

 Forestry and Grazing." 



Mr. C. G. Bates discussed the natural regenera- 

 tion of forest stands in the climax formations of 

 the Eocky Mountain region and called attention 

 especially to the temporary control of the sub- 

 climax following such a disturbance as cutting. 

 In practical management of forests the distinct 

 problems in kind and degree of cutting can be met 

 by the application of an intimate knowledge of the 

 range of conditions imder which succession takes 

 place. 



Two types of succession in the forests of Ore- 

 gon and Washington were described by Dr. J. V. 

 Hoffman. The first type is dependent upon the pro- 

 duction of seed by remaining seed trees. This type 

 advances into an unoccupied area at the rate of 150 

 to 300 feet during each generation, and the result- 

 ing forest is composed of trees of unequal age. In 

 the second type the seeds produced by the old stand 

 retain their viability when the forest is destroyed 

 and germinate to form a new forest of the same 

 type and of even-aged trees. 



Mr. A. W. Sampson called attention to the im- 

 portance of studies of succession in the manage- 

 ment of range lands of the Forest Service. Cer- 

 tain species appear early and others late in the 

 succession which leads to the development of the 

 climax or ultimate type. From the record of the 

 time of appearance or disappearance of these spe- 

 cies it is possible to determine whether the pasture 

 is being properly or improperly used. In the latter 

 case changes in the management can be initiated 

 which will retain or favor the reestablishment of 

 desirable plants. 



The revegetatiou of badly over-grazed areas in 

 the Santa Eita Mountain district of Arizona was 

 discussed by Mr. E. O. Wooton. When such areas 

 were protected small weedy annuals and annual 

 grasses were first to enter, followed by short-lived 

 perennial grasses, and these in turn by long-lived 

 perennial grasses and a few species of perennial 

 herbs and low undershrub. Fire was found to be 

 the principal factor in preventing shrubs from 

 replacing the grasses. 



The papers were discussed by Mr. G. A. Pearson, 

 Mr. J. T. Jardine, Dr. David Griffiths, and Dr. H. 

 L. Shantz. 



H. L. Shantz, 

 Corresponding Secretary 



ANTHROPOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 



The 509th meeting of the society was held in the 

 lecture room of the Carnegie Library on March 19. 

 At this meeting Dr. Fay-Cooper Cole, of the de- 

 partment of anthropology. Field Museum of Nat- 

 ural History in Chicago, delivered a lecture on 

 "The Pagan Tribes of the Philippines." 



Dr. Cole first described the peopling of the is- 

 lands, and the intermingling of peoples which has 

 resulted in the present population. The pigmy 

 blacks or Negritos were held to be the aboriginal 

 inhabitants of the islands. The invading peoples 

 are believed to have come in several waves, the 

 earliest of which appears to have been composed 

 of a people who were physically allied to the Poly- 

 nesians. These were followed by successive inva- 

 sions of primitive Malays. The effects of move- 

 ments of alien peoples and beliefs was also out- 

 lined. Traces of the Hindu-Buddhist movement 

 are evident in the folk-lore, while the great effects 

 of the introduction of Mohammedism and Chris- 

 tianity are a matter of historic record. 



The greater part of the evening was devoted to 

 a description of the most fundamental facts of the 

 religious, social and economic life of three pagan 

 tribes — the Bagobo of southern Mindanao and the 

 Bontoc Igorot and the Tinguian of northern 

 Luzon. The Bagobo live on the lower slopes of Mt. 

 Apo, in whose lofty summit a host of spirits are 

 supposed to dwell. The people also believe in a 

 class of powerful spirits which inhabit the realms 

 of the earth. The Igorot and Tinguian, living in 

 a rugged country, have terraced the mountain sides 

 for the cultivation of rice, and have developed an 

 elaborate system of irrigation. Until recent years 

 both the last-named tribes have been ardent head- 

 hunters, but the motive for taking the skuU, as 

 well as its final disposition, differ in the two dis- 

 tricts. These tribes resemble each other in lan- 

 guage and physical type but differ in political or- 

 ganization and in the construction of dwellings. 

 Frances Densmoke, 

 Secretary 



Errata: In making up the article on the Indus- 

 trial Fellowships of the Mellon Institute, by Dr. 

 E. P. Bacon, published in the issue for April 27, 

 pp. 399 to 403, two errors occurred. The footnote 

 on p. 402 should read : ' ' The system of industrial 

 research founded by the late Dr. Eobert Kennedy 

 Duncan was initiated at the University of Kansas, 

 and later transferred to the University of Pitts- 

 burgh. " The name of William A. Hamor, M.A., 

 assistant director, should have been included among 

 the officers of administration. 



