564 



SCIENCE 



[N. S. Vol. XLV. No. 1170 



professor in the department of hygiene at the 

 Harvard Medical School. 



De. George D. Louderback has been ad- 

 vanced from associate professor to professor 

 of geology at the University of California. 



Professor D. L. Crawford, of Pomona Col- 

 lege, Claremont, Cal., has been appointed pro- 

 fessor of entomology in the College of Hawaii, 

 Honolulu, for a term of three years, beginning 

 in September, 1917. 



DISCUSSION AND CORRESPONDENCE 



A TOPOGRAPHIC MAP OF WISCONSIN 



The movement to expedite the completion 

 of the topographic map of the United States by 

 the U. S. Geological Survey, of which some ae- 

 count was given in Science a year ago, is to- 

 day greatly promoted by the increased interest 

 in topographic preparedness on the part of 

 army officers. Doubtless at their instance the 

 sum of $200,000, in addition to the usual large 

 appropriation for topographic maps under the 

 Geological Survey, has lately been voted by 

 Congress to be expended for geodetic and topo- 

 graphic surveys at the discretion of the Secre- 

 tary of War. Members of the Coast and Geo- 

 detic Survey and of the Geological Survey 

 have already taken the field, chiefly in the 

 Southern States, in areas designated by the 

 war department, and a much desired increase 

 in topographic output will be the result. It is 

 interesting to note in this connection that, al- 

 though the additional sum thus appropriated is 

 spent under military direction, the work for 

 which the sum is spent is performed by the ex- 

 perts of the two civilian surveys, who are all 

 listed in the reserve corps. 



In the meantime the civil uses of topo- 

 graphic maps must not be forgotten, and 

 among these the educational uses are by no 

 means the least important. An excellent 

 statement of them follows with respect to the 

 needs of a single state in a letter by Professor 

 Lawrence Martin, of the University of Wiscon- 

 sin, to the state engineer at Madison. Educa- 

 tors and engineers elsewhere would do well to 

 organize a similar movement for promoting the 

 topographic survey of their states also. 



W. M. Davis 



LETTER, DATED MAY, 1917, FROM PROPESSOK LAW- 

 RENCE MARTIN", OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WIS- 

 CONSIN, TO THE STATE ENGINEER 

 AT MADISON 



My Dear Sir: In support of the proposed state 

 appropriation for topographic maps I am writing 

 to explain the need of these maps for educational 

 purposes. This is only one of the many uses for 

 which I regard these maps as desirable, but it is 

 the one to which I am giving especial attention as 

 a member of our committee. 



Topographic maps are an admitted need for 

 school and college use, as explained later. Let us 

 compare Wisconsin with Ohio, states not dissimi- 

 lar in area, topography and educational system. 

 We are proposing to ask the legislature for $20,- 

 000 a year for twenty years to complete the topo- 

 graphic map of Wisconsin in the next two decades. 

 Twenty years ago there was not a single topo- 

 graphic map of any part of Ohio. Mapping was 

 started nineteen years ago, and to-day the topo- 

 graphic maps cover the entire state. Every col- 

 lege, normal school, high school, grade school and 

 other educational institution in Ohio has a topo- 

 graphic map of the home area for use by its stu- 

 dents. 



Twenty years ago Wisconsin had twenty-seven 

 topographic maps. In these two decades we have 

 added seventeen maps, while Ohio has added more 

 than two hundred. 



The states of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Con- 

 necticut, New York, New Jersey, Maryland and 

 West Virginia are completely mapped. More than 

 half of Kansas, Oklahoma, Utah, Arizona, Cali- 

 fornia, Vermont, Virginia, Colorado, Tennessee and 

 Pennsylvania are covered by topographic sheets. 

 Only about a fifth of Wisconsin is mapped. 



There are 413,000 school children in Wisconsin 

 who live outside the area covered by topographic 

 maps. Five of our nine normal schools have no 

 topographic maps of their home area. Twenty- 

 two of the county training schools for teachers and 

 the county schools of agriculture are outside the 

 mapped area. For fourteen of the cities which 

 maintain continuation schools there are no maps. 

 There is no topographic map covering the area 

 about the Stout Institute at Menomonie. There 

 are none for the colleges at Appleton (Lawrence 

 University), at Plymouth (Mission House College), 

 at Ashland (Northland College), at Beaver Dam 

 (Wayland Academy), or for a number of the Cath- 

 olic colleges and some of the private schools. 

 There are no maps for the Indian schools near 



