SOUTHERN PACIFIC LINES 151 
south of the Gila River was acquired through an expenditure of 
$10,000,000 in 1854, several Governmental surveys were made across 
the region, mainly to find routes for railways. For a long time the 
principal access to Arizona was by water, ships from many ports 
coming into the Colorado River. Mail and passenger stages from 
the East (see pp. 97, 125) ran from 1857 to 1861 and again from 1867 
till superseded by the railroads. The Southern Pacific line was 
constructed in 1879-80 from Yuma eastward to the Arizona State 
line, whence it was completed eastward to El Paso by the following 
year. (See p. 293.) From 1847 to 1860 many mines were opened 
and placers operated, more or less under protection of the Government. 
In 1860 the white population was less than 5,000. The outbreak of 
the Civil War and the withdrawal of troops gave the Apaches and 
white outlaws increased opportunity for depredations. Many settlers 
17° 5° 13° me 109° 107° 105° 
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FiGURE 35.—Map showing the Gadsden Purchase (shaded area) acquired from Mexico in 1854 for 
$10,000,000 
were killed at this time, most of the mining was discontinued, and 
nearly all who could do so left the country. A small band of people 
fortified themselves in Tucson, which was taken by the Confederates 
in 1862 and held until Union troops, known as the California Column, 
came from California. After the war also there was much bloodshed 
by Indians, who killed about 400 settlers and 150 soldiers in the 
interval from 1866 to 1886, when the Apaches were finally subjugated. 
The difficulties with these Indians greatly retarded the development 
of Arizona, for they kept out prospectors and settlers, interrupted 
travel, and frightened investors. 
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