188 GUIDEBOOK OF THE WESTERN UNITED STATES 
Indian himself. In fine, God has created him, I am sure, totally on 
purpose to hunt up these unhappy, ignorant, and boorish people.”’ 
The present beautiful and interesting church of San Xavier at Bac, 
shown in Plate 21, was rebuilt very near the site of the first church, 
which was destroyed in the Indian outbreak of 1751. It was begun 
probably in 1783 and finished in 1797 (the date carved on the sanctuary 
door), during the period of comparative peace and prosperity that 
extended from 1786 to the end of the Spanish rule in 1822. Thechurch 
is still in use, together with a school for the Indian children of the 
neighborhood. 
In the immediate vicinity of the present Tucson there were several 
early Indian villages which doubtless were passed by Father Kino in 
his journey to Casa Grande in November, 1694. The first Spanish 
settlement in the immediate neighborhood appears to have been San 
Agustin de Tucson, located on a low ridge 3 miles northwest of the 
present city hall, some time prior to 1763. It led a precarious and 
intermittent existence owing to Apache depredations, as did also the 
small Indian village of ‘‘San Cosme de Tucson,” ** which sprawled at 
the foot of Pinnacle Peak, now familiarly known as ‘‘A’’ Mountain, 
from the great white initial annually inscribed upon it by university 
students. Here under the guidance of Padre Garcés an hacienda and 
small settlement were established in 1776; this was known as El 
Rancho de Tucson and later as El Rancho del Padre. Half a mile 
northwest a mission was built under the name San Jose de Tucson. 
About this time the Spanish garrison was transferred from Tubac, 44 
miles away, to San Agustin de Tucson and later to the present site 
of Tucson. Around the presidio at Tucson was built an adobe wall 
12 feet high with low towers and parapets, one corner of which is 
marked by a bronze tablet. This diminutive walled city became the 
metropolis of the Southwest and for a long time marked our extreme 
western frontier. The valley was richly productive, minin 
successful, and the hills were covered with herds of wild cattle. On 
the withdrawal of soldiers and missionaries from southern Arizona 
before and after the war of Mexican independence, the Apaches re- 
sumed their depredations, killing many persons and destroying 100 
houses and several settlements. At this time from 3,000 to 4,000 
settlers left the country, only a few remaining at Tucson. It is stated 
by Lockwood that in 1848 the population of Tucson was 760 and 
Tubac 249 and that Tubac was abandoned at the end of that year. 
Even under American rule it was not until after the Civil War that 
Apache and other warring Indians were finally conquered and ban- 
ished to reservations. Fort Lowell, the old United States Army post, 
of which the ruins still stand 7 niles northeast of Tucson, was estab- 
% The name Tucson means “the foot | son, m a of 
eaning foot of, or “the place 
ofa black hill,” from rom the —— In- | dark springs,” from the Sobaipuri 
