SOUTHERN PACIFIC LINES 189 
ren in 1862, abandoned in 1864, reoccupied in 1865, and moved in 
1873. It was named for Gen. C. R. Lowell, of the United States 
Cavalry. After the Gadsden Purchase Anprtauns began to arrive, 
not a few being encouraged to journey thither by sheriffs and 
vigilance committees of neighboring States. With these came stur- 
dier citizens with true pioneer spirit, but no white woman resided 
permanently in Tucson until 1870. 
On the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861 Tucson was seized by 
Confederate troops from Texas, who in turn withdrew on the approach 
of the Union volunteers from California (the ‘California Column’’) 
under Colonel Tarleton. (See p. 154.) 
The stage from San Antonio to San Diego began making two trips 
a month late in 1857. For a while it passed through Tucson, but 
later it followed a more northern route in the Gila Valley. Tucson 
was on the oldest highway from the Rio Grande to Yuma and the 
Pacific coast, and traders and Government wagons with supplies for 
the various army posts in the Apache country were constantly on 
the move. The railroad arrived in 1880, and this fact was heralded 
to the world by telegrams from the eet citizens to the President at 
Washington and the Pope at Rome. 
Near Tucson there is a small settlement of Papago (pah’-pa-go) 
Indians (527 in 1932) at the mission of San Xavier at Bac, and there 
are also two small settlements of Yaqui Indians from Mexico on the 
western and southern margins of the city. 
The Indians now known as Papagos live mostly in a large reserva- 
tion in the desert southwest of Tucson (4,914); on the Gila Bend 
Reservation, west of Phoenix (224); and in the Chiu-Chiuschu Reser- 
vation, south of Casa Grande (349). The Indians of this region claim 
descent from the builders of Casa Grande (see p. 197 ), and they are 
a branch of the Piman family. The ‘‘Pimas” lived in the Gila and 
Salt River Valleys, the Papagos in the Santa Cruz Valley and west 
into Sonora, Mexico. Another Piman tribe, the Sobaipuri, now 
extinct, occupied the San Pedro and Santa Cruz Valleys during 
Kino’s time, when it was estimated that the total Pima population 
was about 12,000. The Papagos (‘‘bean people”’) are a large-framed, 
well-formed people of dark skin and rather bold, heavy features. The 
women are of more delicate mold than the men, and some of them are 
decidedly handsome. The bravery of the Papagws has been proved 
in many conflicts with the Apache and other predatory Indians, and 
they have been uniformly friendly to the whites. Many of them are 
industrious and good workmen. Their life is closely adjusted to the 
arid region in which they live, especially in the matter of water supply 
for themselves, the use of flood waters for irrigation, and the utiliza- 
tion of the scanty natural food resources. They often have had to 
move to places favorable to their interests, and at times starvation 
has taken many lives. Mesquite beans and the fruit of the sahuaro, 
