204 GUIDEBOOK OF THE WESTERN UNITED STATES 
adjoining regions indicate that deformation was widespread in south- 
western Arizona. 
In the Sahuaro National Monument are many fine sahuaros and 
other plants of the desert flora which will be preserved under Gov- 
ernment supervision. The rocks are eroded in many fantastic forms, 
one of which is the natural window called ‘‘Hole in the Rock.” The 
gravel-covered plains surrounding the hills are typical of the wide 
desert valleys of the Southwest. 
Phoenix, the metropolis of western Arizona and capital of the 
State, occupies an area of about 10 square miles on the plain extending 
north from the bank of the Salt River. Although in 
the midst of a desert, the city has developed great 
| clbee salam ogy landscape beauty and many cultural and educational 
620 resources. Itwasestablished by Jack Swilling in 1867 
as a colony for irrigation, a fact commemorated by 
the Swilling memorial fountain in the courthouse grounds. Phoenix 
was incorporated in 1881. It was reached by a branch line from 
Maricopa, on the Southern Pacific Railroad, in 1887 and by a branch 
from the Santa Fe lines (Santa Fe, Prescott & Phoenix Railroad) 
from Ash Fork in 1886. Prescott was the State capital from 1864 to 
1867 and 1878 to 1911, and Tucson from 1868 to 1877, The Phoenix 
region was first visited by Padre Kino in 1694. 
The growth of Phoenix has been rapid, especially since 1910, when 
it population was only 11,134; the growth was 70 per cent from 1920 
to 1930, and this increase was closely paralleled by the growth of the 
populous surrounding ranch territory. The name Phoenix (given by 
Darrel Duffa) refers to the fact that the settlement has “risen from 
the ashes of the vanished civilization of the aborigines of long ago.” 
In the valley there are many miles of ditches of great antiquity, 
capable of watering many acres. There are also ruins of numerous 
settlements and many remnants of utensils and implements. Large 
collections of archeologic material are on exhibition in the Arizona 
Museum in Phoenix and also in the Heard Museum. At the latter 
are collections from the ruins of ‘‘La Ciudad ” or the ‘Indian mounds” 
near the city. At Phoenix there is a large Indian school sustained 
by the United States Government. 
Irrigation has gradually been extended over level lands of the 
Salt River Valley until now a large area is occupied by farms and 
ranches in a state of high cultivation, connected by fine roads in greater 
part lined with cottonwoods and other trees. The valley population 
is about 150,000. Many crops are raised, including a large production 
of grapefruit and alfalfa, and for a wide area the region is a veritable 
: garden, im great contrast to adjoining unirrigated lands that remain 
in their original desert condition, as shown in Plate 27, A. (See also 
_ Pls. 26, B, and 27, B.) In 1929, according to the United States 
Phoenix. 
miles. 
