SOUTHERN PACIFIC LINES 243 
More than 4,000,000 acres is under irrigation. The value of crops in 
1929 was $623,103,467, the cost of which for labor and fertilizer was 
$212,417,664. The grain crop in 1929 was 48,451,246 bushels, of which 
about three-fifths was barley. The cultivated hay crop for 1929 was 
4,098,993 tons, and the cotton production 253,881 bales. In the 
variety and value of its fruit crops California outranks all other States. 
Its products range from dates, figs, pineapples, and other semitropical 
fruits in the south to pears, peaches, apples, and plums in the north; 
but it is to oranges and other citrus fruits and grapes that California 
owes her horticultural supremacy. During 1929 California produced 
53,820,634 boxes of citrus fruits, 37,738 tons of walnuts, 4,700 tons of 
almonds, 1,691,111 tons of grapes, of which more than half were of the 
raisin variety, and great quantities of prunes, peaches, apricots, olives, 
and melons. Other notable crops are hops, about 7,905,965 pounds in 
1929; lima and other beans, 5,526,351 bushels; sugar beets, 452,818 
tons; potatoes, 6,489,203 bushels; and wheat, 10,957,967 bushels. 
The total value of vegetables shipped in 1929 was about $60,272,659. 
More than 5,000 acres is in strawberries, and the fig crop in 1929 was 
more than 59,000 tons. California leads in apiculture, producing 
about one-tenth of the Nation’s honey, the amount being normally 
about 6,000,000 pounds, besides 300,000 pounds of wax. Much honey 
is exported from Los Angeles. There are about 150 species of plants 
that furnish nectar in important amounts; the blossoms of oranges and 
sagebrush are the most reliable sources. The yield of honey is closely 
related to the amount of rainfall. Many of the bee colonies are moved 
from place to place to take advantage of blossoming periods, not only 
for the honey obtained but for service in pollenization. Dairying is an 
important industry, with a yield of 445,530,000 gallons of milk in 1929. 
In 1930 the wool clipped amounted to 18,747,453 pounds. Cotton, 
melons, and dates are raised abundantly in the irrigated districts in 
the southeast corner of the State, and rice production is increasing 
rapidly. 
Of its mineral products, petroleum ranks first in total value, and 
gold next. According to the United States Bureau of Mines, Califor- 
nia’s output of petroleum was 227,329,000 barrels in 1931 (292,036,911 
barrels in 1929), about 16 per cent of the world’s yield, and its output 
of gold amounted to about $8,455,200. Other mineral products are 
cement, 13,091,899 barrels; copper, 33,084,232 pounds; silver, $636,749; 
mercury, 10,139 flasks (of 76 pounds); and borate minerals, 169,870 
tons, valued at $4,515,375. The total value of products from Cali- 
fornia mines and quarries in 1929 was $38,645,889, with a personnel of 
more than 9,000. The-leading industry is refining petroleum, the 
products of which in 1927 were valued at more than $350,000,000. 
California’s fisheries are also a source of much revenue. According to 
the United States Department of Commerce, the exports from San 
