ae of cells externall 
— — "— ong themselv — as Strabo tells us, "y hairs - thorn 
ne to aequire a settled right in lan 
os ae flocks | 
too o ignoble for for themselves, а 
eir women an ival | 
they ‘found the island — pe us floc — 
herds, which, their pastoral en “preva they 
imm and, — their (a 
ae 
axon era 
ebb. 
In on of the spoil the largest portions of the 
cda lide: of course fell to the lot of the princes, 
ders, who divided the estates 
d out- 
aving the 
pei aem ges певаче ey were е to i die 
l, and m mig ht be transferred sl along w 
e from the 
2 
sion, we 
ех certain tity of open 
pasture, which was enjoyed y the inhabitants in p. 
portion to the extent of t r land u tillag 
custom in.whic 
4 285. vie many years peter, “de бету: 
through th tho. — and ultimately obtained the crown. 
e freebooters d no idea 
ve 
W. icine ro унйн; but shifted from to place, 
as force or fancy urged ; and thus for upwards of 600 
ешь from the e Romans till the Norman 
ol. 
Conquest, xg unhappy country was, with few brief 
intervals, th. rapine, 
constant scene of massacre and г: 
ntinued.) 
ROYAL AGRICULTURAL ‘COLLEGE. 
SESSIONAL EXAMINATION.— DESCRIPTIVE BOTANY, 
. Give such a general рта of the different parts. a 
plants as would be required for their Analysis and Classification 
as— 
1. The Root—describing its more — 
2. The Stem—distinguishing its Classe 
3. The Leaf —p tfi 
4. The he Flower—describing its yarious parts and. their more 
prominent modifications, 
8 Zita pe. and distinctive characters. | : 
B. Explain the general facts connected with the Natural | 
Histery on and — ama — тт - t. tents raanei; 
b poi nts: 
$: Th Grass 
2. The 2 of their Classificat 
3, Facts connecte ten v with the — and growth of good 
have 
d m 
Some of the most common forms 
| leav the serrate 
t- | Grasses, it is not showy at all, having m 
cemented tog 
top, which sometimes has brushes, 
THE xiii a ee GAZETTE, 
ms grow ina 
others procum 
vision being made every wq = a love of ne. — ona others climbing Pme ne RE е avers Guja tw 
variety of ways ; 
а the gen ашу. аге ageret 
EE 
others send las, 22 scions 9 rry. 
tans have lea n them pes each other, M, 
them ен, Ds ely. 
(3.) The leaf is an pp eri — the bark of a plant, 
* an — of the w of уо 5 lant as its 
ork, The parts ofa leaf — the e, the mid- 
b, хш зану арі the e pe etiole, 3 — leaves 
is presi | Exogenous 1 endogenous 
bent, others | roo 
ag, dia — of a calyx, th 
283 
umes have stoiuus. The 
are fibrous. The flowers are — B or diffuse, 
t which are called 
Neuen d creeping, and some 
cames — a acrogenous have forked veins or 
s have an outer covering of colourless 
Leave 
fattened ‘cells, which give them a a shining — 
The seeds 
d. 
called —— and a number ona stomata or pore 
placed ~ both sides of the leaf, bat generally preponde- 
8 
Е 
ill their 
subdi rided 
he lower side. 
So eaves have hairs, others are —.— 
of 
and the — д 25, —— 
(J.) The flower in exogens is — the «e 
showy part of the plant; but in many endogens, 
All par 
the flower next the stem, and generally consists 
of several pieces or sepals, which in some eases are all 
ether, so as onl form one — The 
— is — green in colour, and acts as — 
— the internal — of the flo 
me s off as the flowe 
other —— it ＋ persis! RAE 
the showy part of the flower, and consists of a numb 
of petals, which «tert alternate with the se 
calyx. The de li 
and uam : 9 0 t species ott h 
as the 2: or bell shape, the ligulate or 
strap shape, the rotate, &c. "The or male | 
— ower, are usua — the 
rolla, prac consist of the anther, whieh may be — 
ч ‘single, апа whi ich contains the „polle n and d filamen 
enables him to find out th " the soil with 
x has to deal, but it tells repu how that by so impro 
— to drive awa bad Grasses, Nature will lend 
rs on 50 leaves of Grasses often indie 
0 ic show that the 
stem 
n [of the flower, and in up right flowers is shorter, mii in 
| drooping вил nes thar ene. e pistil, or 
female organ of the flower, aide уең the stigma at the 
to receive the pollen, | w 
heir | 
way Lin 
into 23 nini which have stamens, &c., and one mui 
which has none, and is called Cryp 
(5.) Fruits are the seed of a med with ite covering. | 
n this | pra 
the whole elas sree лга 
о ensure plenty of h 
be a perennial, so that after d of ha: 
off, the leaves, &c., which are tll sup a a ange 
quantity of ida os i is ét eat ce, and 
which is not obtained from annual — us they die 
away after they have been mown, P yield no after- 
math. in, it i at 
€ Correspondence. 
"The fruits may either be dehiscent, indehiseent, or 
brae us. Dehiscent fruits — opened: — | 
damagin uit, and ип their seed in 
laginous box. They are divided into: follicle ; тне 
le ywhi no натта down t re; 
siliquate, which & partition, and th e — 
small variety, as the Shepherd’s Purse ; and lastly aoe 
pod or box shape. In indehiseent fruits the seed —— | 
be got at without tearing away y periearp in 
which it is enclo ts of this kind are ена 
зогон да its disadvantages. — Mr. Bailey 
as very amusingly - n the loss to the land 
— is санеце upon in 
in 
place of operatin 
izrespective of emen by instancing | 
е deeper drain 
and bad the dehiscent and the indehiscent, the Pome or — 
&e.; the Pep ucumber, Melo e; t 
S БҮ. Mn. Px berry, &c. B ruits have a kind of scales, or 
A. (I.) Boot or e descending a axis — a Plant, is charac” | hardened braets, as in the Fir еопе, &е. (The frui 
terised by the absence о buds or or leaves, by the absence matured pistil of : a Plant) The parts of the fi 
of woody matter, except in are the p р; ер аге 
MM "ho ples “colouring. serve | applied to the different fo h the fleshy matter 
=the plant firm in the ground, oa to extract | is arranged, as the Apple, — 
1d nutritious: matter from th the surround 
(6.) The seed is attached to its covering by the 
oe be is 
number "1 сеци. 
soil For 
bodies calet spongioles at t the atem es of the root 
7 bilieus, - which 
root- | hylum 
Bean tri 
iP eed 
y be i é 
matured ovule of a “plast. In exogens it is dicotyle. 
cro- 
(2.) The st aia ete 
eb + in n different orders of plants. Éxogens 
have a wood and bark distinct, also medullary rays and 
d inereases 
no pit 
. bundles placed at intervals oH sive ш to 
tn atn 7500 2 Mates: se th 
to the top of the stem, and in thallog ens 
Stems 
( 
only having 
are di 
m | wraps round the stem, 
r ond wm на р g kept stationary 
increase in Ferns d 1 5 
ma 
mount of moisture and a air, but in the absence of Tight 
is converted into sugar, and is taken as food 
cotyledon leaves, —— are sent upwards, and (dci а! 
varies | also assisted by 2 which the enin takes d 
T Бунт е testa, which i 
has prolongaons 2 which it works ite” ‘aly iv S0 ear? 
eds of the lower orders of plants 
2 ‘as mere single cells. 
B. (1.) e parts of a Grass are di nod and 
the leaves, which are placed alternately. The leaves 
ivided into the sheath, or that which 
attached to ‘the mended 
At the present tim e there is an indisposition on 
e | the ort the tena toget rid of these nigh pera 
ted with the perfec — 
9 e clay "nlla admit, and their attention has mo 
given to the loss their land sustains by 9 9 
running off the surface. But wi option — 
— dived 
become desirous of the 
ments to cultivation and perfect vegetation. that 
the nae not ina i Serum 
bein 
y. 
shape in exogens, but in endogens 1 are sometime 
es | are often indications — a plan 
t belongs to sterile ere 
ms | 
the. ground laid.so фм every drop of rain may ed 
into it, and the soil m ain the additional fertility 
which its deseent gives z^ "When the advocates for 
urrow draining bring in support н 
е shallower 2 5 1 7 is nd 
dab een leave out 
nutritive matter. ' 
ШЫ; бев 15, 
