31—1853.] THE AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE 491 
there ar manufact * and it is more sought barn and there table w-houses so awkwardly | were conveyed in the manner. It is по exagge- 
after, iti is — up to 121. or 15. per - Last year | situated. that es cannot — nd until the cattle be | rated statement to say that the number of horses, cattle, 
we grew about 18 bushels of seed, and 2 tons of straw | turned to the doo The farmers’ dwelling-house con- | and men-servants kept on a farm for the sole purposes 
per aere. storie ge, having the offices of plou h ing, i i to 
sist oi a 
" st d li 
— OF F SCOTTISH AGRICULTURE. irregular square, and having an excavated hole in the | greater than at present. For example, two horses and 
untries have experienced more of the evils of — of the yard, into which every species а E Was | опе man can carry 80 bushels of Barley, 96 of Oats, or 
feudal — than Scotland, and none have so com- thro and from which the o drainings eo oozed 54 of Wheat to market upon two single carts, whereas 
pletely been emancipated from its thraldom, ^ Notwith- out — collected i in a black puddle at the very door f they could only take on an average about 12 
aer e the natural disadvantages of a poor soil and an of the dwelling-house. The fittings-up and s irniture of | bushels of each. Six cattle and two horses were res 
ungenial elimate she is now pl common consent | the house were of the meanest description. Clay floors quired to draw a plough then, with a man boy to 
= 0 un eas one man and two ho 
> 
rS e b 0 y vnd оаа p and l for the purpose, : 
models of intelliges sy, dustry, and — 1 pra there were none— of the commonest materials, and the wonder that, under such circumstances, the wh 
while her landlords Tele been no less noted for —— former so co ind" to suggest the idea of a per-| cultural population were in a state of great penury, 
publie spirit and private worth. Any — to trace | petual penance to the occupant. The kitchen, or — me the produce of the land was well nigh consumed 
the causes which have produced results so satisfaetory end of the —— was t puis sitting: apart ment for t maste n the process of obtaining it. 
in the agriculture of Scotland cannot be uninteresting and man, mistress and maiden lace (To be Continued.) 
to the agriculturist. What the landlords and tenant- | Which stood forward — the wall, —— 
| farmers of Scotland have effected in agricultural im- | ОЁ beggars or wandering tinkers in the winter evenings 
provement may not merely be successfully — by The family and servants sat at the same board, and Home Correspondence. 
— but even excelled by many districts more favourably | partook of the same fare, which consisted of oatmeal| Machine Tools. Machine tol are as yet unknown 
| situated as regards soil and climate. porridge or sowens for pon kail-brose for dinner, | to farmers; indeed, such tools can only be economical 
| The history of — improvement in Scotland and Potatoes and milk for supper; but the Potatoes| where the savings obtained their use more than 
| searcely be embrace much more than a| Were only added to * vil of fare about the middle of cover the interest of the capital sunk for their acquisi- 
period of 150 eme — if we go much further back the century. Alt there be little in the physical tion, with a per-eentage in addition to compensate for 
i an ire, it i i i to afford а reaso; 
n mac e 
men more than t vien, purs uits iot eee and of the peasantry in the “ Cottar's Sat turday Night," and not be desirable to provide such engines where they are 
со fom ime th of Nort : bdo 
histor idst pove 
was in as low a condition as eould:v Ww ll e conceived, | and wretchedness caused by the neglect of — | dei n spine ight, however, be rendered 
2 
zi 
— 
5 
® 
B 
ч 
— 
© 
Hd 
oe 
e 
"^ 
e 
E 
Ф 
m 
о 
2 
= 
= 
Ф 
8 
B 
"d 
w 
© 
lo] 
"+ 
= 
® 
" 
w 
m 
S 
8 
. 
manured, nor cultivated, except in - — — most social comforts, and —— in its religious observances. | and wear. Farther, machinists an esmen of various 
imperfect manner, and no system of hus ndry was Whatever ma y have been the im —— that have | denominations (carpentersand blacksmiths, for instance), 
known that could ин fertility to — soil, — what been effected in the physical condition of the farmer might realise a good profi casionally letting out 
lle i 
| con ie 
| Tull. The land in Scotland was then neither drained, influence of the farmer's family ci e — enjoyed all i ts them out at a rate meien to compensate for frst md 
t by occasio 
necessity and nature compelled, viz., rest or pasturage. | Class o 3 it must be confessed that in all those n rie ^ other — qun be employed 
то irc — str e the i 
oughma 
quite as fen productive of an — din of bad under that older system which is now — mout kcu it was little luc that this invention 
— e wW 
li 0 
— — "n agricultural — of ће! Passing from — 1 the ae — done; so the idea of putting machine- tools upon wheels 
шну at бау — of — — th century, we e find them composed of a bar table, and cattle byre. | may be scouted at first, and afterwards become of exten- 
seem kwards to some very remo The barn — on one side, — was fre — — of sive utility. e most useful machi to begin 
period pete anti nrg when its — were little such materials as could be most — obtained with for working metal might be tilt-hammers, for such 
better than a horde of savages. Yet how different are | on orin the neighbourhood of the farm. On some — purposes as forging and riveting, especiall 
ments, as 
| mixed, and having the roof formed of straw and — | cutting and brace: ing of w 
up so stoutly for * Kirk and Covenant” in the| The stable was never furnished with traverses, and not | and for various uses—many of 
dark days of the persecution, and the principles for | unfrequently it had — rack nor manger, and, eme wich moveable beds, w whereby to ena 
— had contended, and shed their best blood in necessary consequence, orses ran loose and fought eu cut at pleasure to any given depth or 
defe f, had — as cherished heir-looms to for their scanty —— — of which was — machine-tools for tongue nd groovi i 
their ‘children, The agricultural — were far | useless by the conflict ; the stronger and m ous for mortieing, for dove-tailing, for planing, &c. The 
more deeply versed in theological lore than their | ones сеек the “ lion's share,” while t — younger remarkable patent of 23d April, 1793, * for various new 
— of the day. Intellectual research | and w r ones had too frequently to go to w а оп and improved methods of working wood, metals, and 
| was directed almost —— to those questions whieh | half —.— Their harness was a curious me — ‘of | other santana? is said to have been the origin of most. 
i wa in i m 
t 
ur rm e liti e in summer with 0 
but the old — - the — — Жучу н — the riant growth of Cou ы бана Sedes 0 sac Ke, which | for general application, be so contrived as to be set 
banished race, and the wars, war, | Shed their seeds in all directions over «ће arable fields. їп motion by the turning of an axis, that axis being 
which prevailed d during the — half of the 1 18th anaes) Sas ridges, even in dry land, were la me upa qnie — capable of attachment to a steam-engine, as also 
n the crown than at the open furrows, and n were | applying to it either the motive power of animals or that 
public attention from the pursuits of indus ustry, so that it — could be ploughed, except in a — direc- of man; in the latter ease often by а treadle. It was 
was not till after the bloody *45 that vitor rae like a | tion. par 2 were heavy and clumsy in the ex- in such ways that, in the years 1794 and 1795, machines 
continuous effort was made in the di either of treme, e drawn by six "x "bip cattle and а were worked for effecting most of the above-mentioned 
agricultural or commercial i improvemen —— couple ofi 3 yoked two and tw each, b p „ with a great saving of expense, over and 
, Farms in Scotland were SE of Ae arable all drawing at one 1m while the — . his goad above the far superior accuracy with which articles were 
dimensions at the beginning of the last ce tury, and | or ое! sang, had no sinecure in running from one to cut and shaped by men altogether without skill It 
instead of each holding living its own set of offices, and —— and forwards, alternately | would further be desirable that the wheels should be 
Situated on the land to which it belonged, a number of — and soothing the motley throng. The seed capable of eitl у displ tor of fixture, in order 
these were often found huddled’ together in a sort of when sown was covered by harrows with wooden teeth, — - engine when in use might rest on a steady 
or ene i . neighbourhood | which mere urr " Bron PAR AE a 
of a pee] ? nm castle, or what had been an abbey or | slice un rs кА below. During summer а constant}  Curts versus Waggons—When 
wi | carts as жар 
$ 
4 
02 
3 
= 
z 
Е 
8 
0ч 
forays. This patriarchal system, as a matter course, former. Indeed, we are assured by writers of the last reasons why aa appear to a dis: y ате 
necessitated an immense expenditure of time and labour wem that about 18 to 20 bushels of Oats per Scotcl y prejux mem, 
in going to and returning from the outlying farms. | acre were about an NT yield, and from i 10 to 15|and if not, th t very expert in managing them, 
After the parliamentary union of England and Scotland — of Barley or Peas. There were no fallows nor either in тс or driving. They һауе а belief — 
this system began to break up, as the causes which led green crops for many years after 1700, to employ the | them that they are hard upon the horse’s back, and 
to i ceased t pl i that time | 
this, 
£h nearer the highlands ‘wee still necessary as a their only d onsisted in pulling Thistles to serve so that when a 
ection from the raids of the eaterans. The transition | as food for their horses or cattle at hight Two back- great disad B 
from the hamlet-system to the erection of farm houses | loads of Thistles per day to each man was the regular T «à say the shafts bear 
and steadings in the land to which — ventrem was a | task-work to be performed in a summer’s day, 3 met f they loa 
i in ofthe СС urse, much of the — was spent in — and i test for all v 
capita 
in eonseque eo 
e one hand, sind th the want of ca ness, ng grain w , 
9n the part of the M on ше other. East — sg plished by flails, and generally on a Pro — floor, going up hill, aaa then turn 
Mid-Lothian, and Небе, set the example of and winnowed between two doors placed opposite each | downwards, and ask gren carter to e the shafts во 
я, | 
LIII 
Ф 
5 
4 
8 
penultimate quarte was 0 or 
he says, © Our farm - offices are set market on horseback ‘each horse having a 6-bushel ' bag the matter; and it is well known that 
and confused, as if by accident, 1 ві з its back; and even hay, straw, and dung | more with him if allowed to 
