m 
3 
44—1853.] THE GARDENERS’ CHRONICLE. 693 
us to make a conclusive summary of facts and o| we: it there with one hand, with the other he extends the pectinations which 
Two or three years' perseverance in this way w uid | roots in the proper direction, whilst one or two assistants — with! чна apud he 3 The ch д 
known the best mode of operating. row over бо а — ring of t а t and finest soil. | sali 
il mention, in conclusion, that of late years many | If we suspect с —— different stages o ату 3 Fich ehem qp come which 
new forms of training fruit-trees, and especially the Pear, | roots, we may N the « "E fall ri in by shaking | sented several dark 054 іп ib middl Pu 
ve = ted. All these forms, the merit of which | the tree alittle, without however displacing it. | the end of the wing cases чаа hat the 
often cons in their novelty, "— much attention All - roots being —Ó with soil to the depth of | perfect insect is a moth smaller than that of the com: 
and loss of ime, “A ed yet, w| p can be more easily | some inches, we may n puton a layer of Furze, | silk-worm that it has wings striped with a dark colour ; 
„ 3 to the view, and at Fern, or old thatch, dere will tend to lighten and and that th 
the same time — so productive, as a well-managed | am Бан" рід the soil, and to prevent the effects mte ts be ре n aie - n the wil зету чно етин е 
— - эт pee orjen pyramide ? Let us endeavour 2 with the rest of the soil thrown out of the = Phe close juxt T 
to a good method of planting ; let us improve our e form a m — — be bottom of the tree. Tread- | that the pilk: 
practice ce in seit oe — pinching, and under ink to firm il after planting ae only tie be dom | the com perc Е that ‘it mest bo carded that of 
its old forms the 1 yie eld fine fruit in viel the deem ist rather dry t than m ime ol. Of. course. als i wes 
slundance vh -— ie tone Ho rticole. Mounding i t habits; but it seems inevitable, that as du 
— — the stem of the recently ee 1 is intended to pro- ro- | of cocoons comp: he whole il e 
MANAGEMENT OF CIDER APPLE TREES. чау it from various accidents, such as being uprooted | i х 
(Con vri ж, ge 661. y the wind, unis : 4 ta 
Choice, Removal, and Pre viera of the iu езе mounds An as that sulphur), and the future supply must be looked to from 
А 2 лосу ВА the hole 1 tical, м sulphur) dnd — 
peri er Sed ground they are in the form of an ellipsis, or long | predict the family of moths which this species 
m about the middle“of November to the middle of p| ove, таш „„ п. belongs; but the size of the body removes it fro 
ember, we select from the nursery the trees which order that the plough may + am the tree as near as | w ins the only know PA sentio, 
have the strongest stems, and epe are 2 А cen | possible, so that there may be less ground to be dug ; which possesses a similar habit of — ts cocoons 
ted near the outside, as they enjoy m q everywhere ie they are ag Their surface should | a m ө packed mass, e latter insect is à native of 
r that th ts | thi 
of 
have had at least two years’ growth, because if only one | that are naturally wet they are made convex, with а if treated in the same manner as the African insect, yet 
Rall been a ed t to dapib since grafting, the cut — an outside the edge of the ^ so that the its com tive rarity and ob habits тери prevent 
the stock would not be beatur 2 and traus- may be carried off beyond where the roots are. its application to economic purposes. I see no reason, 
cpm would ee its cicatrisatio c ordinary good soils, where we need not fear super- | however, why the large rough cocoons of f many roe of 
We need not be particular as to e tid thee has pee of water, the tops of the mounds are flat. | our Torten Атту might not be similarly trea 
grafted low or high, ystem has its merit. Lastly, in rapid declivities, where there is danger of The mass of cocoons was — "t specimens 
emi-circular mound, n the i second stag -— 
dee are some good varieties, such as the should be formed on the lower side; the rain-water is by a piece of the article in — manufactured 
Bedane, and the 2 e wt which а e fos lie ey, v the higher ground by two little gutters НР with cotton. dpa have a much less silky fee feel 
forming fine stems, and then it is expedient to graft | ike a V, and uniting a Yap бо of each tree, to the touch th as manu. 
e standard height. Some 9 85 planting stocks auda — factured, is extremely strong, as may be judged by the 
‘the places where trees are intended to be, and grafting dpt Paca oe E uia circumstance that a Vet friend who has seen it has 
mes. The onlyreason for this preference must ~ ENTOMOLOGY. been very desirous to have a piece manufactured into a 
in the iden New AFRICAN SILK INS — shooting jacket. oie yn specimen was also forwarded 
буо which devi fear to be deceived if they bought them, During the month of July las I was favoured some “red cotton," it is called by the native 
with a communication (through the ‘kind — Africans, and whieh i is brought i in * x quantities from 
od d ctm stocks re D bearing for two or "three 9f Sir William Hooker) from the Rev. Henry Venn, the interior, and only in the dyed s It has been 
at least ; and if some of the grafts do not take, a accompanying a series of specimens of a new kind -of | pronounced by an z бс ‘silk азб re be the produc- 
ofr regularity is s the consequen ce, silk in various stages of 33 which appears sufi: | tion of the silk-worm, and to have been spun by worms 
The size of trees for pla nting varies pid the locality ес rae — ш merit the attention not only of the fed on mu — This texture appears very similar to 
and other circumstances, such as the s des trees entomologists b e silk nathan eturers of this | that of the fi ee ttn of raw silk described above. 
i eral "s oun es It M e 
Ф 
е; 
: a i m а 
ence, Six feet and a half is a sufficient height in nearly t was communicated by a native negro who received a silk is obtained) the PT is of interest, as being the 
level ground, but 8 to 16 inches more are requisite in few months’ instruction in € ieee E only Eom: .. the use of carding applied to 
ping g und, in order that cattle standing on Ae medien! teachi ing, and who is ing with roug 
ay not seize the “чуй, success in his native town (Abbeokuta), — 60 miles Farther 8 on various points of the economy 
t would prove advantageous to icin dopa in calm of the insect, &c., are required, with which we hope 
and cloud 0 8 weather, ~. under sone ircumstances the shortly to be — J. 0. W. 
toots 5 ied 
— 
BRITISH ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCE- 
MENT OF SCIENCE. 
each side pb in the sam коноп as the rows; the 
are then cor pletely uncovered by removing the 
soil that still remains between ng : Е x t of the 
ыыы not 5 w e After having a second ial to the 
cleared the trenches on each side, the stem is li i 
moved, first to one side, then to the other, in | order to find ae ee T B 
out the roots that tor on тт. entest Aeren kine, one of the secretaries 
fair pull, ланды w sid. 
tion. Т 
чаз P Each pens must then ulle à 0 1 а ately invention consists in cooling the air by 
and, a at we cannot entirely extricate sphere 
e be eut Ec. iur knife or spade at as great 22 f ” in а bell receiver, and the heat 
gth eru ys Yi i i lowered b the 
The tre e being taken up, the mos if any remain, : GAl a f ai gen pression 8 by 
= immediately taken off ; ext proceed to | Ul HS, Ly which means it acquires in its compressed state 
Temove all useless or badly rhe аа, and all : of the atmosphere—say 90° of 
mutilated v" by a clean sloping cut on the under түз | — then passes into another in 
Placing the Tree accor ding М its former Aspect,—It i : bell iver, t is expanded to the ordinary 
i general advi ^" in planting to place the sides of the ere, and during this expansion 
— me position with to the a it c is reduced 
cardinal points wai they wee vious to oval, to 609. * Te is then admitted into the room to be. 
ат have a young and tender bark ; 3 for m rtg ventilated. ‘The compression of the air du ing the 
la planting Fi 55 , Pr, Ара covered | experi су * 
g Firs and other resinous trees we usually over with a thick flossy envelope. The entire mass is 3 ' ME ere tor. pron M ihe 
€— m V at least as large as a man's double fist. This is repre- atmos; re, and the eer exposed a — 
10 reason » y we should no same t t h d surface of 1100 square whi h was considered — 
in planting * trees, the eg me of which ‘are mepe ре gierki рагу ‹ ө, open, А IPM eocoons, and | cient to reduce the temperature of the sir in ping 
tected from. ] е sun’s rays by any branches. tw is suspen from a thi E. through the tubes to of atmosphere, viz., . 
8 is not absolutely e n it is On opening some "T "ihe cocoons the chrysalids of the | The re stated that by means of thi " apparatus 
y useful, and cannot in any case urious. moths were found dead, together of course with the cast 66,000 cubic feet of air per hour might be cooled from 
re inj 
In order to know the side of a tree which faced the skin of the caterpillar ; the latter had | evidently been 90° to 60°, by а steam-engine of one borse power, which 
le, and to be able to replace it in the e рд eines with short heb and the surface of the | is required fo raise and depress the bell receiver, The 
t is sufficient to mark it previous to body seemed to be furnished with Mp whitish advantage of cooling the "y wed in- 
si | elo ч а "веду dar ag p^. the desiccated state stead of by evaporation was state 
0 small mar to be, the avoidance 
only circumstance which may prevent = the very s skins of the caterpillars will not of aqueous vapour, with which d air is — 
being thus planted is when, in making a allow a more 3 deseription of the insect in that iors enema process. 
lines, we have to employ trees with stems state to be made. One of the cocoons is олортон (То be continued.) 
It then becomes necessary for Pn sented in the woodeut cut орет, пн with L————— 
au" 4 1.2 "es ea Wei the i ‘that beva УЫ 
у after ^T Wa rri lmag ying g - This, " Мне ч 
114 “ live con f d is of the t:thatof Sent us by a eer — x ч 
1. . 1 
* 
> 
rot aa ig | onal 
exposed as the female is rather and thickeria the lower part Y which has recently 
, the direct ae prolonged ws body, which is oe in figure ў, which shows | evening of dtr энн - wd EE dor be 
ve injurious to them, e difference that exists between the male and female I the in ; quor ise e! services 
according e|c is in this respect. The male is also distinguished | ™ IT ure "e 4 Ex 
. tothe size | by having the antenna cases somewhat thicker, and .. ̃ r 
n latter upright in . of serration on the inner side, has resided since 1890, and officiated as land-steward and ge 
Which it ought to occupy, and a man holding but without any, of the appearance of the broad superintendent for Sir Charles Lemon, Lemon, Bart, MP, at Садот, 
