228 
by the viciously armed cacti,—dildo th ) and prickly- 
pears (Opuntia)—as well as numerous rigid shrubs and centu 
plants (Agave decipiens), which frequently grew densely leafy 
fe 
(Smilax ce An annual herb, Palafoxia Feayi, thrived 
pase! the barren sand, the plants as frequently 
twelve alice feet tall and partly woody as well. 
oody covering of the dunes is a ron re of maritime 
and valend propia and temperate elements, as the following 
short list will show 
Tropical ee 
Strangling-fig (Ficus aurea) 
a 
Snowbe fy (Cua alba 
Maritime a 
a 
z cipiens) 
Bay-leaved ee -tree (Cappers cynophallophora) 
maica caper-tree (Capparis jamaicensis) 
sa) 
Saffron-plum (Bumelia Gngusifole) 
Temperate element: 
Chapman’s-oak (Ou wercus Chapmanit) 
Swamp-bay (Tamala pubescens) 
The natural structure of the area comprising Marco Island 
and Caxambas Island is is of three ea as it were— 
the northern end a mangrove swamp before i s filled in to 
southern end almost mountainous sand-dunes, as already noted 
above, and elsewhere.1 The dune portion, really Caxambas 
‘Journal of The New York Botanical Garden 23: 142-144. 
