5 
est approach to the conditions which prevail in the habitats from 
which they have been removed, we are quite sure to reap that 
reward which modesty and exquisite beauty always brings to 
the earnest and ardent lover. 
EpMUuND Bronk SOUTHWICK. 
INSECTS ATTACKING SHADE TREES 
This subject has been repeatedly brought to the attention of 
members of the Garden, both by Dr. Seaver and myself; because 
these foes of trees and other plants are ever with us and eternal 
vigilance is necessary to keep them under control. 
Insects attacking shade trees may be divided into three classes: 
those which devour the foliage, those which suck the juices of the 
leaves or bark, and those which bore into the wood. The elm 
leaf-beetle and caterpillars such as the fall web-worm, the tent- 
caterpillar, and the larvae of the tussock moth are well-known 
examples of the first class. Such insects defoliate shade trees, 
destroying their beauty and efficiency in summer and rendering 
them liable to injury in winter on account of the immature wood 
formed during renewed growth in autumn. 
The aphis, the red spider, the scales, and other sucking insects 
are less conspicuous but no less injurious than the leaf-eaters. 
The aphis, for example, not only injures the leaves upon which 
it feeds but asphyxiates those below by covering them with 
honey-dew. The punctures of the red spider cause drying and 
decay of the surrounding tissues and also weaken the leaves and 
epen a way for the entrance of leaf-destroying fungi. 
Members of the third class are rarely seen and their presence 
often not even suspected until the tree attacked is dead, since 
their work is done inside the trunk and branches. Healthy trees 
do not as a rule suffer seriously from this class of insects. The 
most destructive borer in the vicinity of New York City is the 
European leopard moth, which attacks trees in vigorous health 
and is the cause of most of the dead branches seen upon the elm 
and silver maple. This insect and the leaf-bectle have se 
