63 
A I el t (more or less typically aaa 
occupying a shall region at the mouth of the Hudson, S 
Island and part of Long Island, the more obvious cee 
species being sweet gum, sassafras, willow oak, post oak, and in 
general the maximum number of oak species for the state, tulip, 
oplar (especially because of its eee and large growth), and 
occasional specimens of American holly, persimmon, yellow 
(shortleaf) pine, and so on. 
n austral element dominated by oaks, chestnut and hick- 
ories occupying in strength the Hudson Valley and adjacent 
uplands to more or less 1,000 feet elevation and covering especi- 
southern exposures), up the Champlain Valley beyond Westport, 
becoming weaker northward until in the upper Champlain Valley, 
the St. Lawrence and the east margin of the Ontario basin it is in 
general quite negligible. Numerous associate austral species 
accompany this element dance er in southern valleys 
and distor eine northw: ard or on uplands 
, occupying ae Alleghany Plateau and the 
Catskills to about 2,000 feet and dominated by typical Hard 
maple-beech-hemlock-white pine-yellow birch, ie climax 
forest, with more or less characteristic subdominant tree species 
and a very rich and fairly characteristic ground flora. 
Canadian transition occuping the Catskills above 2,000 
forests here are, of course, dominantly balsam), and the presence 
of a well-characterized forest floor element. 
E. Canadian zone element, occupying the higher mountain 
slopes (e. g., the Marcy group) from more or less 3,500 feet to 
The forest here is a mixture of red spruce, balsam and paper 
