210 
segment of a branch or for a series of related branches. The 
greater number appear in lateral branches and are in evidence 
when the first leaves develo 
Thus far the various ioe that seh appeared have proven 
sufficiently constant to maintain the type. Yet none of the 
types that have been tested aie a pempacees aa of progeny 
(vegetative propagation) have proven co 
Plants were exhibited to ee i oe of foliage, the 
numerous sectorial arrangements of different patterns and the 
appearance of sporting branches. 
“Former climatic conditions in Alaska as indicated by the 
Cretaceous and Tertiary Floras,”’ by Dr. Arthur Hollick 
The subject of climatic conditions in the past history of our 
earth has always been, and is yet, one that has induced almost 
endless discussion of both theories and facts 
It is generally conceded that the known facts warrant us in 
assuming that the earth has been gradually cooling ever since 
its origin as an incandescent mass; and that, until the advent of 
e Ice Age, it possessed greater uniformity of temperature 
throughout its surface than it does today. In other words, that 
what we know as climatic zones (torrid, temperate and frigid) 
are modern terrestrial features which did not obtain in the past. 
e know, as a fact, that the flora of the earth, up 
to and including that of the Tertiary Period, was practically 
uniform, specifically as well as generically, from the equator to 
as far north as any geological investigations have been made 
beyond the Arctic Circle 
Now the Cretaceous and Tertiary floras of the United States 
and Europe were pretty well known a generation ago, through 
the labors of Newberry, Lesquereux, Heer and Ettingshausen 
and others; but Alaska was a’ gue a terra incognita so far as its 
fossil flora was concerned. A few Tertiary species had been 
described from the southern part, but no Cretaceous. In fact 
any rocks of pans ae had not been definitely recognized 
anywhere in the terr 
In 1902, M. A. J. i of the U. S. Geological Survey, sent 
