63 
cularia racemosa), and a black mangrove (Avicennia sp.) between 
the tide-lines or sometimes at slightly higher levels than the red 
mangrove. The trees were found in all stages of development 
from very young seedlings to maturity. They begin to bear 
flowers and fruit when only two or three feet high (Fic. 20), but 
Stumps of the Panama mangrove, Pelliciera Rhizophorae, at Balboa, 
Fic. 18. 
Canal Zone. The swamp vegetation has been cleared away as a part of the cam- 
paign eanat ae The red mangrove (Rhizophora Mangle) is shown in 
the background. 
when full grown are about 25 or 30 feet high (Fic. 17), with a 
single trunk, which is buttressed at the base somewhat after the 
fashion of the bald cypress (Taxodium) of the southern United 
States (Fics. 17 and 18). Some of the roots that form these but- 
tresses or a part of them are more isolated and distinct than the 
buttresses in the bald cypress, which are flutings of the trunk, yet 
