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mostly covered by chaparrals. These consisted mostly of scrub- 
oaks, mixed with rose bushes and service-berries. Between 8,000 
and 8,500 feet the land became more sloping as we neared the 
bases of the mountains proper. The chaparrals were replaced 
first by isolated groves and then by more continuous woods of 
aspen and at about 9,500 or a little more the spruce wood began. 
The illustration (fig. 36) shows an open valley in the aspen 
forest. e tall herbs in the foreground are Dugaldia Hoopesti, 
which made the whole valley vellow by its large flowers 
IG. 3 “Aspen formation’’ at the base of oe La Sal Mountains; to the right 
a few eae of the ‘‘spruce formation” abov 
the right are shown the first outposts of the spruce woods. These 
consisted of an almost pure stand of Picea Engelmannit, which 
was the principal tree lumbered at the sawmill situated a short 
distance from this place. The Engelmann spruce is here a very 
slow-growing tree. Inacutof a little over two feet in diameter, 
The stamp-mill, owned by Mr. Clark and others and near 
which we had our camp in the old boarding-house, is situated in 
