111 
grains, which at once exposes the fraud. You do see a reserve 
food material in these cells, but it is inulin, a substance which 
approaches nearer to sugar than starch does. 
The drug Lycopodium, here shown, consists of the spores of 
various species of that genus, especially ZL. clavatum. e 
peasants cme and store it in flour bags, so that cereal starches 
are apt to occur in it. Advantage is often taken of this fact to 
aie. ‘add such substances. In this case we must be 
guided in our j the amount of starch prese 
nother article exceedingly abundant in the cells of plants is 
calcium oxalate, w occurs in crystals of various beautiful 
forms, a number of ich are here shown e-shaped 
crystals occur in squill and many other drugs of the lily family. 
The rosette masses are common in Viburnum, the doubly pointed 
prisms in soap-bark and the loose masses resembling sand in 
belladonna leaves. 
Belladonna root is a drug that is used on an enormous scale 
in this country, being imported from Europe. During the past 
year nearly all that was imported contained an admixture of poke- 
root, The properties of the two are widely distinct, and the 
adulteration was a serious one. The two roots as presented in 
this picture are of very different appearance, but when mixed in 
small pieces through the bales the poke can very easily go unde- 
tected. When powdered, there is no general difference in the 
appearance ; but viewed with the microscope, the pokeroot shows 
the belladonna. This poke is the species that occurs in Europe. 
In the one of this vicinity, these crystals are much larger, so that 
we can actually determine whether the adulteration took place in 
Europe or in this country. 
These illustrations indicate the use that is made not only of 
these but of numerous other contents of cells in detecting adul- 
teration. The cells themselves are often indicative of the same 
condition. One of the most important classes of such cells is the 
stone-cell. This variety of cell is usually rather short, and con- 
sists almost wholly of wall, that is, it has a very small cavity. 
The wall is hard and heavy, and this sort of cell is used by the 
