202 
of a horse, the breaking of a limb, or the tunnel of a boring 
insect may admit the ee to the heart of the tree and cause its 
destruction. Ifth hed by fire or bruised by guy- 
ropes, it cannot resist fungous attack. Wounds and injuries are 
thus seen to be of much greater importance than the casual ob- 
server would suppose, and it is through the proper treatment of 
wounds that the ravages of the most destructive fungi are to be 
prevented ; 
If these fungi are once allowed to enter the body of the tree, 
no rational way-is known of dislodging them. In the treatment 
of leaf-diseases, it is important to keep the tree vigorous and to 
burn the affected leaves in autumn. Spraying solutions may be 
used for certain fungous diseases on small trees, but for large 
trees their use is hardly to be recommended. 
The use of proper precautions will prevent most of the me- 
chanical injuries to which city trees are subject, except those 
made in the process of pruning. e importance of. correct 
methods in pruning is so great that they are dwelt upon here at 
some length. 
DIRECTIONS FOR PRUNING. 
Ifa tree has been properly trained in the nursery, very little 
s needed, and this only for the first few years after 
planting, during which time the original form is preserved by 
trimming the fast growing limbs, removing the crooked ones, and 
shortening those that droop as they become larger and heavier. 
When one must use an untrained tree, steps should be taken 
at once to elevate the trunk and encourage the growth of a 
straight central stem with subordinate branches, The top of a 
tree should not be allowed to become so dense as to exclude the 
sun from the soil beneath nor from buildings in the vicinity. 
It often happens that trees have been neglected until very 
large. To bring them into shape requires considerable care, but 
it should be undertaken if they interfere with the proper use of 
the street. Old and failing trees may often be stimulated to new. 
growth by judicious pruning. When branches are injured byy 
accident or broken by wind or snow, pruning becomes a neces-' 
sity. It is also wise to remove all dead branches as soon as they 
are discovered. 
