54 
appeared likely to possess the desired property was investigated, 
but in spite of this employment of all resources, the supply stead- 
ily decreased and the necessity for artificial propagation became 
more and more apparent to thoughtful men. Such efforts in the 
producing countries were seen to be hopeless and strenuous 
efforts were made to transplant the industry to the old world 
tropics. In 1847 the first plants were er alive to Paris, 
but were not put to any practical use. 854, Hasskarl, in the 
face of great natural and artificial nee ae persecution 
and imprisonment by the natives, succeeded in actually securing 
the propagation of the plants in Java. Much money was ex- 
pended in the multiplication of this stock, both here and in India, 
but the investment was lost because the wily natives had supplied 
Hasskarl with the seeds of a worthless species. In and about 
1859, Markham and his associates, aided in a miserly way by the 
British Government, secured the propagation in India of various 
species, possessing different degrees of value. Later, Ledger, 
one of Markham’s former assistants, through the knowledge and 
self-sacrificing efforts of an old native servant, who was afterward 
beaten to death for it by the natives, introduced the best of all 
known species, later named after Ledger. His stock of seeds was 
purchased by the Dutch for cultivation in Java and was afterward 
distributed also in India. 
The subsequent extension of this industry has been enormous, 
but during its incipiency a period of very great scarcity was en- 
countered. Our Civil War dealt the last severe blow in the 
process of depleting the world’s stock of cinchona trees; or 
perhaps we might better say that the Franco-Prussian war did 
this. In the latter part of 1870 to ’80 decade the price of good 
cinchona bark advanced to $4 or more per pound, and that of 
quinine to two or three times as much per ounce, thus stimu- 
lating to the utmost the cultivation operations then in progress. 
British India, which has always been one of the severest suffer- 
ers from malarial disease, required a cheap supply of the specific 
for its soldiers, as well as for its native population. India there- 
fore not only cultivated it extensively but entered upon the plan- 
tation-manufacture of a cheap alkaloidal mixture. Private enter- 
