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14. A Sapropuytic Funcus (Sarcobolus). 
One of the saprophytic fungi growing on animal refuse. This 
species has the elongated spores joined together in the form of 
oblong bodies after breaking out from the spore-cases. 
15. SEcTION oF A LIcHEN (Solorina crocea). 
A vertical section through the spore-bearing portion of an 
earth lichen of alpine regions. The upper layer consists of a 
dense mass of short pale filaments in which are scattered elon- 
gated sacs, each containing eight two-celled oblong brown spores. 
Below this is a layer of green cells, the algae of the plant; for 
every lichen is a composite structure consisting of a fungus and 
an alga, closely associated and forming what for the most pur- 
poses may be considered a single individual. 
16. A ScaLe-Moss or Leary Liverwort (frudlania Nisquallensis). 
The ventral or lower surface, which differs considerably from 
the upper, is here shown. The two rows of lateral leaves and 
the single row of smaller, notched, strictly ventral leaves may be 
noted. An interesting feature is the row of hood-like sacs on 
either side of the stem, which serve as reservoirs for water. By 
the aid of this device, the Frullanias are able to thrive upon the 
bark of trees, and upon exposed rocks in drier situations than 
are in favor with most members of the family. 
17. SPORE-CASE OF A Leary Liverwort (Frudlania Bolandert). 
The spore-case of this family opens by splitting lengthwise 
into four valves, often then resembling a little four-parted flower. 
The spirally twisted brown bands, here attached to the valves, 
are the elaters. The elaters wriggle about as a result of chang- 
ing conditions of moisture and these mechanical movements help 
to scatter the spores, which in the present case have all been 
dispersed. 
18. Cross Section or A Moss Lear (Polytrichum commune). 
The leaf of the hair-cap moss is furnished with longitudinal 
plates of chloropyll-bearing cells standing perpendicular to the 
