102 
DWARFS. 
The term dwarf may be applied to any individual which at- 
tains a stature at maturity below the average of the majority of 
bers of the species. Mutilated dwarfs, induced ee and 
constitutional dwarfs may be distinguished. 
mutilation include such forms as the dwarf cherries, 
apples, plums, and the interesting Japanese trees, small individuals 
produced by disease, attacks of para- 
nel or more m e body, 
while in true dwarfs the eed is 
ite = the whole plan 
mall size of acer all horti- 
a dwarfs is secured by eae 
e case 
‘ The principal features of the practice 
Fic, 22. Normal and dwarf f th 
leaves of Gentigna guingue. of the Japanese operators consists in 
bending, twisting, and coiling the 
hi 
branches to reduce their apparent 
length, repeated pinching of the terminal buds, destruction of the 
tap root, Baas of the secondary roots, coupled with methods 
of culture which involve the most caret err of the food 
and water supply, and repotting only once in two or three years. 
ced dwarfs are those resulting from starvation for food and 
water, jate planting, and cold seasons, and may be seen in greatest 
in desert areas and at great elevations. 
Cac dwarfs are those produced by internal causes, 
as for example when given a certain number of seeds from the 
same ae or even the same pod, and to all appearances and 
measurements equal, some will produce individuals but a fraction 
of the average size and bulk although grown under the most 
yeebe conditio: 
n eainseon of the induced and constitutional dwarfs shows 
that they differ from the normal specimens not only in size, but 
