XViii Annual Address. [February, 1919. 
years ago. The remains of large mammals are extremely 
abundant in the Siwalik rocks of the Himalaya and the 
un jab. 
The last stage. so far achieved in the history of mam- 
malian development was ushered in by the appearance of 
man, and it will be interesting to enquire what length of 
time has elapsed since that occurred. 
In his relation to the geological record man differs from 
all other animals, for whereas the existence of the latter 
t any particular epoch can be inferred only from their 
actual bodily remains—or in a few cases from their footprints 
—man has left behind him the results of his handiwork, and 
it is by these more often than by his bones that his former 
presence has been detected. The commonest of his produc- 
tions are implements of various kinds; in the earliest days 
they were made of stone, subsequently also of bone, and 
i pi 
implements or artifacts, as they are technically called, three 
principal periods are recognised: the Stone Age, the Bronze 
ge, and the Iron Age; it is the earliest or Stone Age that 
which we are now concerned. All over the world stone imple- 
ments are found which are clearly man’s handiwork and are 
often associated with the remains of extinct animals and of 
S 
rr 
ment supposed to have been held in the hand. In Europe 
most of the early implements were made of flint, though 
other hard rocks were also used to some extent; in India, on 
the other hand, most of the known paleoliths are of quart- 
zite, flint being much more characteristic of the succeeding 
neolithic culture. 
In addition to palexoliths and neoliths, there is a third 
class, known as eoliths. They are a more recent discovery, and 
Tertiary system, but it is in the deposits of the Pleistocene 
or Glacial epoch that the first unequivocal and undi 
relics of man occur. ~The Glacial epoch was characterised by 
a great fall of temperature all over the northern hemisphere 
