126 Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. [N.S.. XV, 
of the time, the recognised founders of the two separate schools. 
namely the Ajivikas or Maskarins and the Niganthas (Jainas). 
To the important question as to the precise relationship 
between the two teachers we shall return later. At this stage 
of our enquiry we can safely assert that MankhaliGosala was one 
of the older contemporaries of Mahavira. As regards the remain- 
ing four sophists, it is not very easy to determine their dates. 
On the authority of the Buddhist Suttas we can say no more 
than that they were all amongst the older contemporaries of 
Buddha Gotama. There are, however, a few passages in the 
Buddhist Canon which furnish us with a clue to the date of 
Sanjaya of the Belatthiclan. The Buddhist Suttas make men- 
tion of Sanjaya Belatthiputta, and of a wanderer named San- 
ya. ormer is counted among the six heretical teachers 
or Afifiatitthiya Paribbajakas, that is, the sophists belonging 
to other schools, and the latter is alluded to as the previous 
teacher of Sariputta and Maggallana who became, later on, the 
chief disciples of Buddha Gotama. After closely examining 
the import of some Buddhist passages of the Anguttara Nikaya, 
it seems very probable that Sanjaya Belatthiputta was the same 
person as Sanjaya the wanderer. It is needless to add that Kern 
and Jacobi are of the same opinion on this point.' If so, it 
jaya, their former teacher) the Buddhist order in the second 
vear of Buddha’s career as a teacher, that is, in the 37th year 
of Buddha’s life. Of course, we have evidence to prove that 
though Sanjaya predeceased Buddha, a school survived at least 
up till the reign of King Asoka. 
us we see that Sanjaya was an older contemporary not 
only of Buddha but also of Mahavira and Mankhali Gosala. 
A Kavandhin Katyayana is mentioned in the Prosnopani- 
at as a younger contemporary of Pippalada to whom we owe 
the outline of the Sankhya system of Philosophy.® 
The nickname Kavandhin applied to the name of Katya- 
yana is of some interest. Kavandhin or Kukuda was really 
a nickname intended to distinguish the famous sophist from 
other teachers bearing his name. 
Supposing that Kukuda Katyayana or Kavandhin Katya- 
yana was a younger contemporary of Pippallada and that the 
Buddha was a younger contemporary of Katyayana, it does not 
seem improbable that Katya yana was of the same age as Sanjaya. 
. Kern relates a legend telling that Purana Kassapa com- 
mitted suicide by throwing himself into the river with a large 
jar tied to his neck some time in the 42nd year of Buddha’s 
life* We have reason to believe that Ajitakesa Kambali was 
Kern’s Indian Buddhism, p. 25 
! Kern’s Indian Buddhism, p.32. 2 : 
Prasn : + Kern’s Indian Buddhism, p. 33. 
opanishat, Pras. I. 1 
