1919.| Ancient Hindu Spherical Astronomy. 171 
“Forms of time. of invisible shape, stationed in the 
zodiac, called sigrochcha. mandochcha, and pata, are causes of 
the motions of the planets. The planets attached to these 
beings by cords of air are drawn away by them with the 
orbit in front of the planet, draws the planet forward : 
like manner, when in the half orbit being the sp it 
draws it backward.” 
e term mandochcha, or ‘ apex of slowest motion,’ cor- 
rapa to the term aphelion, while the term Sighrochcha, or 
‘apex of swiftest motion,’ corresponds to the term conjunction. * 
ea but on what principle the actual values given were 
obtained is not indicated. For the te a of apogee or 
aphelion the following longitudes are given 
Sun. Mars. — Jupiter. Venus. Saturn 
a cama 8 pees ee 110° 220° I 
hmasphutasiddhanta a 127° 227° 170° 90° 252° 
a Siddhan 7... 136" 220° eg 80° 237° 
and the following are the Bae given to the lines of 
seme a in 4,320,000,000 years :— 
Sun. Moon. Mars. ami Jupiter. Venus. Saturn 
Brahmagupta 480 488,105,858 292 382 855 653 
Sarya Siddhanta 387 438,203,000 204 368 900 535s 39 
For Saturn the motion of tity ae amounts to about one 
minute of arc in five thousand y 
The Pafichasiddhantika nh teal “The Sun is the so-called 
ighra,”’ and in the Hindu system, as in the Greek, the revolu- 
tion of the conjunction of an inferior planet takes the place of 
the actual revolution of the planet itself. 
6. The two epicycles.—The Hindu scheme differs con- 
siderably in detail from that of Ptolemy. The object appears 
to have been the attainment of the correct apparent position 
of the planet without reference to the representation of its 
is wis 
therefrom the date of “A A Bye astrono 
volution ek cs oleae complete only when the planet had 
passed ‘eoegh pe whole zodiac: this Venus and Mercury are only able 
% accomplish as they accompany aca sun in its apparent annual motion. 
