Jan. 1,] THE GARDENERS’ CHRONICLE. 7 
this Journal had read and admitted my definition of the 
term science in No. 26, he might have summed up all he 
had to say in the few following words: —“ No gardener can 
i i i i of the oe A 
great value of late seems to be attached to wade 4 
and many appear to claim the merit of its discover 
to whomsoever this may be due, at is ab ga clear that this, 
be 
like all other operations in garden nly e benefi- 
cial under certain circumstances ies the — ses 
of the effects—it may be des et elt to pueden r to 
pr revent—be understood, even these diy Nabenapat hay be as 
likely to nant, evil as good. And as those causes do not 
appear to be races io ep in this grt the following 
or eatin are red. Jn the ‘ Seite of Horticul- 
” published or me in 1820, I have said, * The office 
of ‘the roots is to collect and supply t the food, which forms 
and determines the growth and productions of a plant or 
abit o 
e€; a 
mine those of the branches. If rat roots ar luxuriant, 
the branches will also: and the erse hen 
must be concluded shit in taettnat rts oo scsi 
objects present themselves for considera first, t 
‘suffici a 
accommodating body, bed, or “gre for the roots to re- 
ose and range freely in, an induce and support such 
habits as are most t desired; a Lis that it contains, or 
will admit the application o -: ee supply of food of a 
proper moadiy, &c, ‘In preparing beds or borders due 
attention must be paid both to the soil and subsoil, as 
in eect of tr oe ‘* When trees are a ad to ies 
xuriant 
into the soil ; by these mea m and regular ce of 
the tree will ‘not be Sitti 3 im Pond wcuti by shortening 
d cutting out the branches.’’ ‘‘ When old trees are 
very subject to canker, the cause _ coniaaily be foun 
ei marek : fey soil or Spring ie ohana too ee 
of mo or from water s ASRANAE m other causes 
in the rials case, therefore, ~ soil must 2 carefully re- 
moved from the surface so as to uncover the roots to oe 
full ses ee or as nearly so as practicable, ~ dig 
Maks roots as appear to run downwards, w dee de ; 
if some nae — the ee il fate bad, re wb 
be shortened; then wit oil some coarse sand, 
ae 
° 
fas 
preven 
be a too oun ere wth of wood—diseases consequent 
on great reple un hehaleaeae food—the causes 
here described being established or removed, - fap 
object will be obtained.— Jos. Hayward, Lyme 
wtteeripeefrtaen Ergin ae % ch h as been gna tA 
+ for. bot 
greens, _and yet the question must yom to ite toed 
and ys anything but settled. 1, therefore, to 
offer a ints founded on consider: able ‘id successful 
at ey I have invariably found autumn the best for 
_ the following reasons :—Ist, the atmosphere of autumn is 
__ by far less dry and capricious than that of ier ng ; 2ndly, 
evergreens have then the greatest number of healthy leaves 
ia full — whereby to cetpeues veo — the _ 
he soil po 
q n ee, the r 
maining heat of the past tn Eesti athty: as Sots twig 
_ brings its own business, and that by no means wilting, ef 
may 
is folly to autng that until spring which m: 
least equally well in autumn; Sthly, “fir 
d’’—an old im, for in the case of purchasers 
rom a nursery, those ~pe come first get the choice, a cir 
eu by no means to be lost's nog tents w 
_ endeavour to explain the point a I have assumed :— 
Ist, “the atmosphere o e the ordi- 
Com 
4 nary state of the ~ aber te i. aienk April, — a 
with that of October, November and De 
rst is as an arid or - parching state of soap as a Tatter is 
the reverse. — ewly rem y 
fibres at the time of removal, together with a due r segees 
to the atmosphere.—2ndly, ‘‘the number of leaves 
Leav ts make leav 
they become . a Ry niga aie, or, in other words, the | on at ip ipa to manures containing nitrogen or 
secreting pow adva of the absorbing, causing | ammonia, is to cause extension of the stem and growth, 
thereby Seah “A cits dh in the wood more than | a de sot per ur in the leaves, and greater breadth of 
renewal of the roots. This, I conceive, is for'a time a kind foliage. If the weather is light and clear, greater benefit 
of stagnation of the growing or woody principle, which is | will be derived from them, in the greater action of the 
somewhat restored by the Saal rains.~- 3rdly, ‘‘ the | light on the extended surface of the foliage. In dull 
bottom heat,’’ if I may so term it. The ign mel bottom cloudy weather, however, we may have much more in- 
heat is well known: I mean, of course, as related to the | crease of stem than of grain or 2 aggetlifp Lymburn, 
heat of the atmosphere, te the degree of we light at gh [We do not agree with our correspondent 
any given period. This is an important affair, and net veral points vamniied 2 the action of nitrate of sod 
sufficiently understood. It has, in fact, to do, less or andt think the Dap ie — involved in Sra = 
more, with nine tenths of our gardening operations, in | believe that in some case: phate of soda produce: 
many of which it isa matter a "greater iaportenes than is | milar and equ vally beneficial eect on plants to the itraties 
commonly} imagined. I conceive it to be an argument of | And again, there is no proof that the nitrate does suffer 
small weight in ie case in hand.—4thly, ‘‘ spring decomposition after it has been absorbed. We shall be 
brings i its own busin Who more busy than a gar- | very glad to hear accou nts of nat yl hg all kinds in 
gil in March, April and May ?—ithly, ‘‘ the advantages | the use of this curious and powe 
of an early pur .’ Everybody knows, or should Gooseber Hy! Diem gre: nd yee ag n my last com- 
chee. that the hg of the nurseryman’s stock is taken niiticston e Gooseberry saterpillat: a Was a 
first ; therefore, I Se in the case of a purchase be early | mistake nade in geteria ting the word one man, in place 
in the market. of your correspondents, I perceive, | of our men. We were at the time noe sche at was 
retbelioted July 9 planting Hollies; now I have re- | made of the same opinion as W. R. t Ives, that the 
moved large med at that perio’ but s has been a mat- | best way was to pick off the cterpias : but we had 
ter of necessi I did so the pas Bewe. one of | employed our men 8 or 10 days in picking, at a cost of 
which was EE ny Heh oe bulky in PePPRE tion, and | 3/. or 4/., as we were anxious to ee the plot cleared, 
it did nels but the ummer has proved an exception | being a few hundreds of the best new Lancashire sorts, and 
to the rule. Tages ro ere have been almost incessan “a indispensa ~ to us for cuttings. At the end of that time 
from that perige until the middle of September. I hay ra expense, they were not, kgm ae half cleared; and 
also known H Me 74 ges planted, by farmers in this he re entinie were cleared at an expense of 1s. 3d, for 
country, in wrt ig? d May answer well but it has been in hellebore e po aot and a morn pc work of two men. 
cases in which I had adyised them to skreen the young | Most people seem of the opinion as W. B., that it 
plants with long litter from the Sunghill; wis vag was | is better to exhibit the povdier mined enndie water, than 
thrown on loosely and thinly the mom they in a dry state: we, however, as stated before, Segre the 
nae 5 and | ¥ ‘Epos aes ig or to hisgol the pram of the powder to be thrown on the caterpillar dry. We do not 
gr ntoac r bas ain water, a ni think it is necessary that the caterpillar — sy the 
saek re ! ght ‘spring phe Ds twice a week Hellebore, as stated by Mr. Groom. Most of the appli- 
ice at, $08 the morning. Som 4. port jays Ta cations to kill insects are external, and act on the delicate 
nions Pessoa be lightly ¢ teemed, recommend | absorbing skins of insects. When the hellebore pow- 
nae. eae though I cannot see its utility. What | der is mixed among the water, it is heldin suspension, not 
it falls on the u ace e 
_ 
o 
0 ce that d will 
for Ranh. is good; I have made it an invariable prac- | lie there till the water is evaporated, and the powder re- 
tice for some years, ‘and no small benefits have followed pi All the benefits of the water are therefore con- 
that course. I hope the question, as to the time of plant- | fined to spreading the powder more evenly, and fixing it 
ing, is not finally closed, and that some of those who have | on the leaf till eat through, when it will fall on the cater- 
‘* grown grey in the service’’ will give their Set on | pillar. The close hairy surface of the caterpillar will not 
this subject, and say something about the r of de- | admit water so easily as the minute dry powder ; _ we 
cise trees. — Robert Errington, Oulton, me Tar- | cannot doubt of its effects on the tender skin of the mi 
Pare wherever it penetrates, when we perceive the ig. 
ess in Turf Edgings.—Having causes in the nostrils. i Henderson of Leadhall, . 
turf feng this spring, I sunk pieces of fc tile: i os reader of the Chronicle, whom we got the receipt 
the urf about an inch high, and the edging | for the caterpillars, we there = : ae it dry. He 
has feen ra neat all the summer. The tile (slate | has one of the best Gooseberry gar we have seen any- 
would do as well) prevents the grass fro ing or ere, the crop always excessive i. peste h and quality ; 
spreading over the gravel, sd'that if does not require cut- | and a description of his ar 
ting y year; but when the grass has grown over have no doub ld be interesting. H - 
side, merely clipping with the shears. Care must be taken | venting the attacks of mice on early-sown Peas, is to 
not to raise ae tiles above the turf, so as to catch the | po y f rosin t . 
the t a halfpennyworth of r «) ler, and 
owing it. Nothing looks so bad in a walk as | roll the Peas amongst the powder, which will suffice for 
a high raw edge, as though a plough had pas it; the lower i 3 and he says he yp reba found it to fail. The 
the edge, the neater it looks.— Wm. Tiller. chopped whins long ago mmended in the Deets 
Nitrate if, Soda. —In pak a with the request in | Af ne | ed el found effectual too, but not so easily 
. da the following remarks on the nitrate. It | got.—R. 
is not at all likely, I think, that the roots will escape in- G aivanie Peomseel, —As most likely many of those 
jury more than the leaves; and the difference of effect | who have supplied themselves with the zinc and copper 
must arise from that spread on the ground finding its | protectors we fond them to retain their repulsive powers 
way oe me roots, by degrees only, in smaller quantities but a short , the information that if they remoy 
ana. more dilu ited state, as washed down by the | the oxide of he ‘meta Is, by cleaning with brickdust or 
"Ie the spongioles of the roots were presented to | sand, the repulsive power will be restored, and us the pro- 
abe direct action of the nitrate, they would probably suffer | tector be bent like a dog-collar, with a ca end, 
in the same way; perhaps, however, the upper surface of | they may be readily removed and pa es not be 
tA 
iF 
& 
= 
the leaf, from its deficiency of absorbing powers, may yk. os. Hi eng es 
ma Setai the nitrate a at the surface, in connexion ’ Chronicle is a 
with the skin, and be more apt to he injured than the B oci eA which we, as gardeners, often have 
spongiole of the root, which passes it through mors freely. | veyed to us useful hints, py oie I hope we shall alwaes 
Substances the most nutritive are found to produce | receive in the ee ing, it is also open for courteous 
isease and death when in excess, ied ot by Sir | remarks from us to kaa which I hope may be ac- 
Ss, as | 
H. Davy in his experiments narrated in “‘ Agricultural | cept ted in the same spirit, A short time back, a little 
hemistry ;’’ and it is probably from this cause that cussion upon the ite tog of proprietorship in plants, ae 
urine and other powerful manures produce death of the | was decided in the ao Ss it could be, left an opening 
th eh I) 
leaves w [ : ‘ 
of the whole plant when applied in large uantities, not | buted by a abler pen than mine; but such not being the 
wt, diluted, to the Beco It is aera x all likely that | case, I am induced respectfully to advocate the cause of 
any chemical alteration will take place on any quantity | my Seber green-aprons. I of ten hear persons say to my- 
of the nitrates before absorption. It is on the nitrogen | master, when walking round, “‘ Well, I do not know how 
they contain, in the form of pal hg: that the benefits | it is, but my man has nothing like this ; where did of ee = 
of Rie nitrate of soda prin depend. Muriate of | such a thing?’ Iam appealed to, to know 
da or chloride of sodium (comme on salt), am) Folyunte from. ‘That, sir, was gi y 
of soda (Glacher’s salts), > same gardener; I gav two or three Columbin 
da as the n , are f 0 etic little Fogg Tf and as sent us two bs. 
d to pr 
the nitrate were thus acted on chemically before absorp- | says my master 
tion, the nitric acid would most likely be lost. The | him.” Now, if that t gentleman were to 
nitrate absorbed into ci pots af the plant is then oe of the thing, ‘he would aye haa my mast 
osed, the soda separated and excreted ; probably to | Heug® several E pounds for th My ; 
in united to carbonic acid, ab: stock an spare. n 
i recon excreted ; unless the plant = one of the Ter pounds for a collection of vista? and they 
ie pre efer soda to potash as a constituent. Then him ; and here is not unfrequent 
mere e decomposed also ; part of the nitrogen "will tiful variety found in many collections. 
go to ai the gluten, albumen, and diastase of the plant, TI come hom e from a visit to some establishme 
d thus be assimilated as a constituent; but a great have visited for i I bring a pla 
ydrogen of . The first 
Be & 
greatly incr ou 
powers of transformation ning the com 
ee ee ee igedg on in the plant, to supply the ne- 
cessary substa ted by the different Organs ; : 
of the rine as il . ci gag 
shar ay By 
A Se sheets “gill 
™ 
