1921.] Numismatic Supplement No. XXXV. 25 
Probably the easiest solution of the problem, though not 
wholly satisfactory, is to assume that in theory the 140-grain 
coppers were actually jaitils and the 70-grain coppers were 
half-jaitils, and that although in many cases the weight is 
over 140 grains, yet the amount of copper which the ideal 
coin should have possessed was not present in practice except 
in a few instances. 
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the common 70-grain copper was a half jaitil or half-pice 
(No. 283) and the 36-grain copper (No. 234) was a fals or 
quarter-jeitil. _Unfortunately the name of the half-jaiti is 
unknown, but on this basis we can account for the great 
majority of the purely copper pieces subsequent to the reign 
of Altamsh, the intricacies of whose coinage require special 
study. 
If the solution of the problem presents difficulties in the 
case of copper, the complications arising from the mixture of 
copper with silver are far more perplexing. It is clear that 
all fractions of the tanka larger than ,; could not have been 
of copper only, and as the proportion of silver may vary 
ad libitum, the value of particular coins must depend on the 
amount of silver which we imagine should have been included 
in their composition. Analysis is the main guide, but analysis 
is a troublesome matter, and further, for the reasons already 
given, analysis is not everything. 
The commonest coins of billon have clearly a weight of 
56 grains or 32 ratis. This type comprises the large series 
designated the bull and horseman type, and continues almost 
without interruption to the days of the Mughals. Now these 
another. This is particularly noticeable in the case of the 
billons struck by ‘ Alau-d-din Muhammad (Nos. 135 and 136). 
h 
worth more than that with a marginal legend in Nagri. It is 
a higher value than one anna. = 
A billon coin of 56 grains or 32 ratis containing 6 rates 
of silver is very nearly ;!, of the fanka. A coin with 12 ralis 
