elxxxiv Proceedings of the Asiatic Soc. of Bengal. [N.S., XVI, 
within _ range. Dominated at all stages i a parklike 
open 
forest of Pinus longifolia, with a grassy floo nate 2 
occupied ~ the xerarch pioneer sof the Que ercus incana fore 
7. Quercus dilatata forest, 7,500-9,000 {t., overlapping the o% 
u ne 
edge of the Q. incana, and the lower edge o of the Q. semecarpi- 
a: — ed con taining the occasional trees found in them. 
8. Que sn semecarpifolia forest, 8,500-11.000 ft., precipitation more 
rmly dist tibuted, good fall of snow in winter, and humi- 
dity gern f tiv high ose to peaks south of the snowy 
range. A at iin eu with scanty undergrowth, dominated by 
Quercus —— a, with some Rhododendron arboreum, 
Evonymus lacer 
C. Coniferous and winter-deciduous forests, 7,000—13,000 - —— 
pitation fairly well distributed, winter snowfall heavy, and cold s 
9. Cedrus deodara forests, 7.000-11,000 “s - oo. rathe aie ry, on 
humidity cna low. Dominated by a dense dieae sta 
of Cedrus deod with scanty saacrerow en of Abelia irifolia, 
Paburnum eatinifolium, Rosa webbiana, Jasminum humile, Ber 
beris vulgaris 
Seretety hydrarch forest at lower levels, 7,000-9,000 ft. 
ed ‘sie ides, Alnus nepalensis, Ulmus wallichiana, 
cer 
eecaviinge avavaseh successions at higher levels, 8,500- 
000 ft. 
10 
Deciduous Pioneers; Acer caesium, A. pictum, Corylu: 
colurna, Betula 
» Bet aln a Salix spp., Poputiis ct ihata, 
ophae rhamnot 
Hippop 
Coniferous mgood Pinus excelsa, Picea morinda, Cupres- 
sus t 
Xerarch pioneers (on talus ecie Y Abelia Melee Loni- 
ouloaran 
Rosa webbiana. 
0. Abies webbia 
of the snowy range. It consists of Abies aro 
more or less mixed with Betula utilis, passing into pure stand 
— at higher levels, with a fringe of Rhododendron ch mpa- 
m, Cotoneaster microphylla and other shrubs near the 
tose limit of trees, 
Formations above tree-line ; growing season too short for trees 
to rs established. 
ik sie thai hedra gerardiana serub, scattered over less pre- 
cipitous mountain sides and souther nD @x posures. 
12. Doe “ eadows: snow-free period during summer too short t 
permit growth of woody vegetation. Dominated hy pale? 
and vensinaa and perennial herbs. 
Seasonal Phenomena. 
The climate is ey periodic over most of the area. Winter is 
mperate and dry up to 5,000 ft. and cold and more or less snow at 
higher altitudes ; spring is yaley and sunny, and at high elevations —_— 
ow short t period ; summer is rainy and humid; autumn is dry and 
Each ¢ exerts a marked e on the vegetation—in 
the petals re rapetattna and SaPoarbmer ions of one woody plants, and 
