elxxxvi Proceedings of the Astatic Soc. of Bengal. [N.S., XVII, 
of the Himalayas, and the various successions leading up to it; and to 
— tor influence of man and other biotic factors on the vegetation of 
the 
s General features and situation of the Dal. 
(2) Ste os stn set — of the district. 
»(3) Plané c 
The plant communities of the lake region culminate in different 
‘ climax’ of ee in ‘different localities, but the following are the 
general features 
I. Aquatie formation. 
(a) Deep Water = Rig ole Dg reg by peg a Be Bs Hydrilla, 
ace ero ete., chara, forming a dense carpet 
(d) * oating-leaf’ Association or Shallow oie” Avrciaiion dom 
nated by hm Nelumbium, Nymphaea, Pk: Bee ale ferox, etc. 
(c) Reed-Swamp Association — dom by Typh a, a ens eh 
me etc., — eas with peas of i Picslonioak Association, for 
arious ‘ Cons 
N.B—d; Sp c ee show various ‘ Consocies’ and ‘ Societies.’ 
Il. Marsh seco na 
(a) rbaceous Mar —dominated by Ranunculus 
saa Sar ae che “Hippos, Carntochsilcre aa uncus ete. 
b) S um Associ on—willows sometimes poplars, etc., with an 
sie eare ye eaciaial Kavhe. These form ‘demp’ land. 
Ill. Meadow Formation. 
Dominated by grasses and perennial herbs. 
The demp land and meadow stage are converted inte arable land by 
an 
IV‘ Gravel Slide’ Formation or ‘ Bek al Bushland’ Formation. 
The meadow st age the eastern and southern shores of the Dal 
ages in ‘* Gravel-slide ’ Pommation. a. ne Contedgne, Astragalus. 
V. Mesphytic Bushland Stage or Shrub Stage. 
_ In the Arrah valley near Harwan—Viburnum, Prunus, Salix, Rosa, 
Ribes, etc. 
VI. Pioneer Conifer Forest. 
Higher up the Arrah Valley from Harwan upwards is developed a 
contest forest on the mountain sides. Pinus excelsa is the pioneer. Few 
plants of Cedrus Deodara occur. mixed with many shrubs. 
VII, Climatic Climax Forest. 
Still higher up at an noobie of about 8,000 feet is developed a 
climatic climax deodar For 
4) The 
view that ‘Succession proceeds from extremes where there 
is either too much or too little water towards oa Pape specs and the 
highest stage of development is forest’ holds very well for this 
region. 
(5) If the Mevode held by —e ~_ — a careful study of the 
formation of upper and lower S, came to the conclusion that 
ir ce sien re Fog st died “gs ast lake, be true, then 
my contention is that the Chashmashahi Rese: + Porat is the culminat- 
ing point of the ‘Dal succession,’ although ow; since the level of the 
