126 



SCIENCE. 



[N. S. Vol. II. No. 31. 



gressed to completion. This was reached 

 when the structures fully met the stresses 

 and impacts, which became therefore too 

 feeble to be further effective. 



AVe have here then demonstrated the 

 effect of known agencies in the production 

 of variations. These are not the only ones 

 which are active. The effects of light, tem- 

 peratui'e and humidity have been studied 

 and the results noted, and it is evident that 

 such effects have been also inherited. Evo- 

 lution under the influence of such causes I 

 have called physiogenesis, while that which 

 results from the mechanical effects of mo- 

 tions I have termed kinetogenesis. The re- 

 sults of these processes have been submitted 

 to the tribunal of natural selection, and the 

 best have survived. As the direct mechan- 

 ical effects of use are, however, the best ob- 

 tainable under the circumstances, it is evi- 

 dent the natural selection in a good many 

 cases has to do only with the struggle be- 

 tween the widely different types of life which 

 are associated together in a given fauna or 

 flora, and not so much between the indi- 

 viduals of each species. 



The energy of progressive organic evolu- 

 tion is thus excluded from the domain of 

 chance, by the transmission of all kinds of 

 stimuli through a medium of consciousness, 

 which has its distinctive effect on the re- 

 sponse. 



PHILOSOPHY IN THE GEB3IAN UNIVERSI- 

 TIES. 



A BRIEF summary of the lectures an- 

 nounced for the summer semester at the 

 German universities may serve to show the 

 the present status of philosophy in these 

 institutions. The lectures here enumerated 

 include only those offered by the philosoph- 

 ical faculties. No attempt is made to men- 

 tion all the names familiar to American 

 readers, but merely the most important. 



The siTmmary is as follows : 



Berlin. Professor Paulsen — History of 



Modern Philosophy with reference to the 

 general development of modern civilization; 

 Psychology as the basis for all the special 

 philosophical sciences ; Ueber das Akadem- 

 ische Studium ; seminar, Kant's Critic of 

 Pure Reason. Professor Stumpf — Logic and 

 Theorj^ of Knowledge ; seminar, Theoretical 

 and Experimental Psychology. Professor 

 Dilthey — History of Philosophy; seminar. 

 History of Modern Philosophy. Other 

 courses : Histor j^ of Philosophy ; History of 

 19th Century Philosophy ; History of Eth- 

 ics ; History of ^Esthetics ; Neoplatonism; 

 Elementary Questions in Philosophy ; Psy- 

 chology with demonstrations ; Social Psy- 

 chology; Philosophy of Eeligion; Practical 

 Morals; Esthetics; Pedagogy. 



Leipzig. Prof Wundt — Psychology ; 

 Psychological Laboratory. Prof. Volkelt — 

 Kant's Philosophy ; History of Pedagogy 

 from the Renaissance; in seminar. Aesthet- 

 ics of the Lyric. Other courses: Introduc- 

 tion to Philosophy and Logic; Chief Prob- 

 lems of Philosophy; Selected Questions in 

 Metaphysics; Psychology of Hearing ; Peda- 

 gogy; Seminar on Ethical Questions and 

 Theory of Knowledge based on Locke's Es- 

 say ; Lecture, Kant's Prolegomena. 



Halle. Prof. Erdmann — Psychology; Ele- 

 ments of Physiological Psychology ; History 

 of Pedagogy from the beginning of the ISth 

 century ; seminar, Kant's Critic of Pure Reason. 

 Prof. Vaihinger — Introduction to Philos- 

 ophy ; Logic ; in seminar. Pedagogical Psj^- 

 chology, with special notice of Herbart's 

 pedagogical ^vritings. Other courses : His- 

 tory of Philosophy ; Philosophy since Hegel ; 

 Logic; Limits of Human Knowledge ; Ee- 

 cent Investigations in Deductive Logic ; 

 Ethics; Pedagogy; Seminar on Aristotle's 

 'De anima ' and Mill's Logic. 



Jena. Prof. Liebmann — Metaphj^sics ; 

 History of Ancient Philosophy. Prof. 

 Eucken — History of Philosophy since Kant; 

 Philosophy of Religion; Introduction to 

 Philosophy; Philosophical Terminologj'. 



I 



