254 



SGIENGE. 



[N. S. Vol. II. No. 35. 



The revolution, which the fascinating 

 philosophy of Darwin has bi-ouglit into the 

 manner of contemplating and explaining the 

 life and development of plant and animal 

 world, has with these men asserted itself in 

 their manner of contemplating and explain- 

 ing man's life. To be sure the same forces 

 which determine the progress of develop- 

 ment in plant and animal world are also 

 active in the human world. We may easily 

 agree that the same means employed in 

 their struggle for existence, namely: selec- 

 tion, rejection, competition and adaptation, 

 are also means which aid in the perpetua- 

 tion, development and improvement of the 

 human race, or its better adaptation to the 

 conditions of existence. 



So far as the simple biologic development 

 of man is concerned, this may readUj' be 

 conceded; and even in social development 

 these forces were perhaps alone at work in 

 the earliest history of mankind, when it 

 just emerged from the state of mere bru- 

 tishness, and are the only ones in some por- 

 tions of it even now. But if we content 

 ourselves to accept these same forces and 

 means as the only ones now at work in 

 shaping social development, we shall fail in 

 understanding, explaining or directing that 

 development. The two qualities by wliich 

 the human individual differs from the brute, 

 the head and the heart, the intellect and 

 the soul, the reason and the emotions, feel- 

 ings, affections — breeding the one wisdom, 

 and the other character, the one directing, 

 the other impelling action — have had, and 

 will in' future have still more influence 

 upon the social development of the race. 

 It is the existence and powerful influence 

 of these two factors, these additional vari- 

 ables, in the social development, that have 

 rendered its analysis so difficult, and that 

 have kept our knowledge of human afifau-s 

 from becoming an exact science sooner. 



We do not deny the existence of the germs 

 of these two qualities and occasional ex- 



hibition of the same in the animal, but the 

 capacity of developing them, as far as we 

 know, is possessed bj^ man to such an in- 

 finitely greater degree as to approach diflfer- 

 ence in kind. 



With these two qualities two new aims 

 were added to those which man has in com- 

 mon with the rest of living creation, namely, 

 to secure the development of these two 

 qualities ; but, what is more important in 

 his social development, they lead him and 

 enable him to interfere with the working of 

 the natural laws of physical development, 

 to give direction to that development with- 

 out the necessitj^ of the struggle for exist- 

 ence as motive, and to even influence and 

 transform the conditions of existence, which 

 necessitated the struggle. 



These qualities develop, however, only in 

 societj' to such a degree as to become the 

 moving force of further social progress. As- 

 sociated effort has bred and fed them. At 

 first probably the same instinct that moves 

 the ants and bees and other animals to as- 

 sociation was alone active in man, but as 

 these two qualities developed bj^ applica- 

 tion they became the directive forces both 

 of individual and social eflbrt, and became 

 stronger than the mere biologic forces. 



ISTot that therebj^ human development 

 becomes a ' bewildering exception to the 

 reign of universal law ' — a kind of solitary 

 and mj'sterious island in the midst of the 

 cosmos given over to strife of forces without 

 clue or meaning ; for morals and reason also 

 develop under laws, but the development 

 becomes more complex, a function of more 

 variables, a result not of physical, but psj^- 

 chic forces as well, and of rational delib- 

 eration. 



If the progress of man in his higher social 

 development had relied on biologic forces 

 alone, it is not likely that he would have 

 exceeded the stage in which m'c find the 

 lowest savages, who, with all the faculties 

 of higher man latent, and the biologic laws 



