460 



SCIENCE. 



[N. S. Vol. II. So. 41. 



was successful in getting large numbers of 

 birds and mammals at various points along 

 the coast. He was especially fortunate in 

 secui'ing an abundant supply of walruses, 

 both bulls and cows, goodlj^ numbers of 

 reindeer and seals, and a smaller number 

 of narwhals. 



The ■m-iter saw much of the west coast 

 of Greenland between latitude 64° and 78° 

 45', at close enough range to study its geo- 

 graphic features to advantage. Stops were 

 made near the parallels of 67°, 69°, 70°, 

 and at many points between 75° 45' and 

 77° 45'. At all these points geographical 

 and geological studies were carried on. 

 The eastern coast of America was also seen 

 for a considerable distance, especially fi-om 

 EUsmere land south to 71° 30', and most of 

 the coast of the island of Disco. On the 

 Greenland coast many glaciers between 75° 

 45' and 77° 45' were studied in detail, and 

 some determinations of significance con- 

 cerning glacier motion made. A consider- 

 able body of evidence was gathered touch- 

 ing the former extension of the ice cap of 

 Greenland. Determinations were also made 

 at several points concerning recent changes 

 of level of the land. 



RoLLiN D. Salisbury. 



Univeesity op Chicago, October 4, 1895. 



ON OYSTERS AND TYPnOID.'' 

 Our motives in undertaking this investi- 

 gation have been: — • 



1. Purely scientific — the elucidation of 

 the life conditions of the oj-ster, both under 

 normal and abnormal environment. 



2. Economic or technological — to trace 

 the causes and effects of diseased conditions, 

 with the view of determining what basis 



*An experimental inquiry into the effect upon the 

 oyster of various external conditions including patho- 

 genic organisms. A paper presented before Section 

 D. at the Ipswich Meeting of the British Association, 

 by E. W. Boyce, Professor of Pathology in Uni- 

 versity College, Liverpool; and W. A. Herdman. 

 Professor of Zoology in Uni\ ersity College, Liverpool, 



exists for the recent ' Oyster and tj'phoid ' 

 scare, (a) in the interests of the oyster fish- 

 eries, and (6) in the interests of the gen- 

 eral public. 



A. The objects, in detail, we had in view 

 in entering on the investigation were as 

 follows: — 



1 . To determine the conditions of life and 

 health and growth of the oyster by keeping 

 samples in sea waters of different composi- 

 tion — e.jr.,itis a matter of discussion amongst 

 practical ostreiculturists as to what specific 

 gravity or salinity of water, and what 

 amount of lime are best for the due pro- 

 portionate growth of both shell and body. 



2. To determine the effect of feeding 

 oysters on various substances — both natural 

 food, such as Diatoms, and artificial food, 

 such as oatmeal. Here, again, there is a 

 want of agreement at present as to the 

 benefit or otherwise of feeding oysters in 

 captivitj'. 



3. To determine the effect of adding va- 

 rious impiirities to the water in which the 

 oysters are grown, and especiallj' the eflect 

 of sewage in various quantities. It is no- 

 torious that oj'sters are frequently' grown 

 or laid down for fattening purposes in water 

 which is more or less contaminated bj' sew- 

 age, but it is still an open question as to 

 the resulting effect upon the oyster. 



4. To determine whether oystei's not in- 

 fected vnih. a pathogenic organism, but 

 grown under insanitarj- conditions, have a 

 deleterious effect when used as food by 

 animals. 



5. To determine the eflect upon the oyster 

 of infection with tj'phoid, both naturally — • 

 i.e., hy feeding with sewage water containing 

 typhoid stools, and artificiallj' — i.e., by feed- 

 ing on a culture in broth of the tj'phoid or- 

 ganism. 



6. To determine the fate of the typhoid 

 bacillus in the oyster — whether it is con- 

 fined to the alimentary canal, and whether 

 it increases in auy special part or gives rise 



