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SCIENCE 



[N. S. Vol. XLI. No. 1049 



vance along tlie lines of scientific investiga- 

 tion which is being made in Spain under the 

 wise and intelligent guidance of its enlightened 

 sovereign. There was a time, not so long 

 ago, when we did not look to Spain for ad- 

 vanced information along purely scientific 

 lines; but that day has passed, and there has 

 arisen in her institutions of learning a gen- 

 eration of young men trained in the most 

 modern methods of observation and research, 

 who are destined to give this noble people as 

 high a standing in the realms of science as 

 has been achieved by the students of other 

 lands. Among the young men who are work- 

 ing successfully in this direction none stands 

 higher than the indefatigable and talented 

 author of the work before us. 



W. J. Holland 



Carnegie Museum, 

 December 28, 1914 



The Modern High School: Its Administration 

 and Extension. Edited by Charles Hughes 

 Johnston, Ph.D. (Harvard), Professor of 

 Secondary Education in the University of 

 Illinois. New York: Charles Scribner's 

 Sons, 1914. Pp. xviii + 847. 

 The present work is a companion volume to 

 " High School Education " which appeared 

 two years ago under the editorship of Professor 

 Johnston. The earlier book deals with the 

 evaluation and organization of high-school 

 studies; the present with the social adminis- 

 tration of the high school. A third volume is 

 announced which will treat the problem of 

 supervision, especially that of class teaching. 

 In the volume under review, the editor has 

 sought to make the cooperative plan of treat- 

 ment yield a well-organized body of material 

 bearing upon the chief problems of high-school 

 administration. He frankly takes the position 

 that the primary purpose of the high school is 

 utilitarian and social: in a democracy like 

 ours, high-school education is a necessity and 

 not a luxury. Even the secondary functions, 

 such as the cultural, esthetic, moral and reli- 

 gious, must be worked over in the light of 

 modern social needs and social ideals. The 

 conscious purpose of the editor, therefore, has 



been threefold: first, to establish more firmly 

 the idea that the aim of the high school is 

 social ; second, to determine the relation of the 

 high school to the other educational agencies 

 of a democracy; and, third, to show, largely 

 through the interpretation of concrete ex- 

 amples, how the work of students might be so 

 administered that it would have the maximum 

 socializing effect upon them. The thirty 

 chapters are written by twenty-eight different 

 authors, representing the various groups of 

 specialists interested in high-school problems. 

 Part I. deals with " The Institutional Eela- 

 tionships of the High School." A chapter 

 here is devoted to each of the following topics : 

 the high school as a social enterprise ; the legal 

 status of the high school ; business efficiency in 

 high-school administration; the relation of 

 the high school to the elementary school, to 

 the college, and to the industrial life of the 

 community. The contributors of these chap- 

 ters are Dr. Snedden and Mr. Kingsley of the 

 Massachusetts State Board of Education; 

 Mr. Hanger, superintendent of schools, Eoss- 

 ville, Kansas; Mr. Josselyn, associate pro- 

 fessor of school administration. University of 

 Kansas; and Dr. Carlton, professor of eco- 

 nomics and history, Albion College. In the 

 discussion of the second and third topics, the 

 need of expert service in both state and local 

 school administration is forcibly brought out. 

 Mr. Josselyn's treatment of the articulation 

 of the high school to the elementary school is 

 based upon the idea that waste must be elim- 

 inated in the lower grades and that the 

 upper grade work must be differentiated so as 

 to integrate with the different lines of work 

 now being offered in the high school. His 

 charts upon the latter point are suggestive. 

 Mr. Kingsley's discussion of the relation be- 

 tween high school and college contains one 

 interesting suggestion; namely, that the high 

 school ought to help the students select their 

 colleges or universities and then guide their 

 election of studies to this end. Perhaps the 

 most difficult relationship of all, that of the 

 high school to the industrial life of the com- 

 munity, receives but twenty of the two hun- 

 dred and eight pages in this part. However, 



