Mat 7, 1915] 



SCIENCE 



667 



pose, lias reduced the waste heaps of many 

 industries and made them his starting ma- 

 terial; he has standardized methods of 

 manufacture, introduced methods of chem- 

 ical control and has insured constancy and 

 permanency of quality and quantity of 

 output. 



In the sugar industry, the chemist has 

 been active for so long a time that "the 

 memory of man runneth not to the con- 

 trary." The sugar industry without the 

 chemist is unthinkable. 



The Welsbach mantle is distinctly a chem- 

 ist 's invention and its successful and eco- 

 nomical manufacture depends largely upon 

 chemical methods. It would be difficult to 

 give a just estimate of the economic effect 

 of this device upon illumination, so great 

 and valuable is it. 



In the textile industry, he has substi- 

 tuted uniform, rational, well thought-out 

 and simple methods of treatment of all the 

 various textile fabrics and fibers where 

 mystery, empiricism, "rule of thumb" and 

 their accompanying uncertainties reigned. 



In the fertiliser industry, it was the 

 chemist who learned and who taught how 

 to make our immense beds of phosphate 

 rock useful and serviceable to man in the 

 enrichment of the soil; he has taught how 

 to make waste products of other industries 

 useful and available for fertilization and 

 he has taught how to make the gas works 

 contribute to the fertility of the soil. 



In the soda industry, the chemist can 

 successfully claim that he founded it, de- 

 veloped it, and brought it to its present 

 state of perfection and utility, but not 

 without the help of other technical men; 

 the fundamental ideas were and are chem- 

 ical. 



In the leather industry, the chemist has 

 given us all of the modern methods of 

 mineral tanning and without them the 

 modern leather industry is unthinkable. 



In the case of vegetable-tanned leather he 

 has also stepped in, standardized the qual- 

 ity of incoming material and of outgoing 

 product. 



In the flour industry the chemist has 

 learned and taught how to select the proper 

 grain for specific purposes, to standardize 

 the product and how to make flour avail- 

 able for certain specific culinary and food 

 purposes. 



In the brewing industry, the chemist has 

 standardized the methods of determining 

 the quality of incoming material and of 

 outgoing products, and has assisted in the 

 development of a product of a quality far 

 beyond that obtaining prior to his entry 

 into that industry. 



In the preservation of foods, the chemist 

 made the fundamental discoveries; up to 

 twenty years ago, however, he took little or 

 no part in the commercial operations, but 

 now is almost indispensable to commercial 

 success. 



In the water supply of cities, the chem- 

 ist has put certainty in the place of uncer- 

 tainty ; he has learned and has shown how, 

 by chemical methods of treatment and con- 

 trol, raw water of varying quality can be 

 made to yield potable water of substantially 

 uniform composition and quality. 



The celluloid industry, and the nitro- 

 celltdose industry, owe their very existence 

 and much of their development to the 

 chemist. 



In the glass industry the chemist has 

 learned and taught how to prepare glasses 

 suitable for the widest ranges of uses and 

 to control the quality and quantity of the 

 output. 



In the pulp and paper industry the chem- 

 ist made the fundamental observations, in- 

 ventions and operations and to-day he is in 

 control of all the operations of the plant 

 itself; to the chemist also is due the cheap 

 production of many of the materials enter- 



