762 



SCIENCE 



[N. S. Vol. XLI. No. 1064 



No one, in America at least, has been more 

 roundly denounced by them, yet this denuncia- 

 tion, it may be mentioned incidentally, results 

 in making him all the more cheerful. No 

 earnest and unprejudiced seeker after the 

 truth can turn from the perusal of this book 

 without a feeling of disgust at the iniquitous 

 kind of warfare that has been waged by the 

 enemies of progress and without a keen recog- 

 nition of the utter feebleness of their attitude. 

 In relentlessly exposing them Dr. Keen de- 

 serves the gratitude of all men and women 

 who love truth and humanity. 



Frederic S. Lee 

 Columbia Univeesity 



An Introduction to the Study of Physical 

 Metallurgy. By Walter Rosenhain, B.A., 

 D.Sc, F.E.S. New York: Van Nostrand 

 Company. 390 pages, 6X9- Illustrated. 

 Net $3.50. 



The book is divided into two parts, the first 

 section dealing with the structure and consti- 

 tution of metals and alloys, the second with 

 the properties of metals as related to their 

 structure and constitution. 



Taking up first of all the microscopic exam- 

 ination of metals, the author discusses the prep- 

 aration of specimens, and the microscope used, 

 then the microstructure of pure metals and 

 aUoys. This is followed by the thermal study 

 of metals and alloys, the thermal diagram and 

 its relation to the physical properties. Typical 

 aUoy systems are exemplified by the lead- 

 antimony, lead-tin, zinc-aluminium, zinc- 

 copper, tin-copper and certain ternary alloys, 

 followed by the iron-carbon system. 



The second part first reviews the mechanical 

 testing of metals, the effect of strain on the 

 structure, heat treatment, mechanical treat- 

 ment and casting, and ends with a discussion 

 of defects and failures. 



To review the contents of this book thor- 

 oughly would take many pages, because the 

 author has covered the broad field of metal- 

 lography so thoroughly and so well. This is 

 particularly true of the presentation of the 

 comparatively new ideas on the structure of 

 metals, the effects of strain and of annealing, 

 developed from Beilby's amorphous metal 



theory. The elongation of the crystals when 

 strained, the production of slip-hands and their 

 nature, the formation of amorphous layers and 

 the hardening of metals by cold work, twin 

 structure, fracture under tensile, shock and 

 alternating stress conditions, the amorphous 

 cement theory, are aU most clearly set forth. 

 The criticisms therefore must be on minor 

 points and not on the broad lines of the book. 



For example, on page 13, after mentioning 

 the names of the earlier workers, Sorby, Mar- 

 tens, Osmond, Worth, Grenet, Oharpy, Le 

 Chatelier, HejTi, Wiist, Tammann, Andrews, 

 Arnold, Eoberts-Austen, Stead, Howe and 

 Sauveur, the author says : " The fact that the 

 present author was privileged to count 

 Eoberts-Austen and Osmond amongst his per- 

 sonal friends, and that Arnold and Stead are 

 still actively at work in this field, serves to 

 show how very recent the whole development 

 has been." Besides Arnold and Stead, many 

 of those mentioned are " still actively at work " 

 as current literature in the metaUographic 

 field amply proves. 



On page 21, in describing the preparation 

 of specimens for polishing, "the necessity of 

 gripping the specimen in the vise " to file it is 

 mentioned. Most people grip the file in the 

 vise and rub the surface of the specimen on it. 



On page 31, the reference to etching re- 

 agents is too short and might with advantage 

 be expanded. 



On page 162, as Ruff's work is mentioned, 

 reference ought also be made to that of Wit- 

 torf and of Hanemann. 



The photomicrographs are all well chosen 

 and excellently executed, but lose somewhat 

 in not having a title beneath each, rather than 

 in the list of plates. 



In conclusion, the only change that could 

 be suggested is in the section on the thermal 

 diagram which should contain those diagrams 

 showing partial solubility in the liquid state. 

 A short classification according to solubility in 

 both liquid solid states would help. 



The author has succeeded in preparing an 

 excellent book, interesting to the student, 

 valuable to the metallurgist and engineer, and 

 full of ideas for any one engaged in metal- 

 lographic research. It is a book that can be 



